Table 1. General characteristics of participants.
| Parameters | Boys | Girls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n = 596) | LMM (n = 66) | P value | Normal (n = 515) | LMM (n = 56) | P value | |
| Age, yr | 15.25 ± 0.09 | 13.68 ± 0.27 | < 0.001 | 15.04 ± 0.10 | 15.63 ± 0.23 | 0.018 |
| Height, cm | 169.20 ± 0.43 | 163.78 ± 1.48 | < 0.001 | 159.69 ± 0.33 | 159.11 ± 0.90 | 0.543 |
| Weight, kg | 59.58 ± 0.61 | 70.20 ± 2.39 | < 0.001 | 51.91 ± 0.46 | 62.87 ± 2.32 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 71.03 ± 0.44 | 84.38 ± 1.39 | < 0.001 | 67.56 ± 0.43 | 76.39 ± 2.06 | < 0.001 |
| Body fat, % | 20.30 ± 0.40 | 37.57 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 | 32.02 ± 0.28 | 43.72 ± 0.63 | < 0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.42 ± 0.00 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 | 0.42 ± 0.00 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | < 0.001 |
| ASM, kg | 20.43 ± 0.19 | 18.92 ± 0.67 | < 0.001 | 14.15 ± 0.11 | 13.77 ± 0.47 | 0.436 |
| ASM/Wt, % | 34.50 ± 0.17 | 26.91 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 | 27.40 ± 0.12 | 22.04 ± 0.24 | < 0.001 |
| Income, 10,000 KRW | 434.77 ± 25.14 | 368.82 ± 26.84 | 0.066 | 426.22 ± 51.23 | 304.83 ± 22.20 | 0.030 |
| Obesity | 15.9 (1.8) | 81.3 (5.9) | < 0.001 | 17.5 (2.3) | 62.6 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 25.8 (2.3) | 9.2 (4.4) | 0.018 | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.5 (2.9) | 0.931 |
| Alcohol consumption | 34.8 (2.3) | 22.8 (6.2) | 0.108 | 7.6 (1.7) | 23.4 (8.1) | 0.011 |
| Exercise | 25.8 (2.0) | 35.3 (6.8) | 0.159 | 12.3 (1.4) | 19.7 (5.3) | 0.076 |
| Self-perceived stress | 21.1 (2.1) | 26.7 (6.3) | 0.368 | 28.7 (2.5) | 39.2 (6.4) | 0.105 |
| Depressive mood | 9.7 (1.6) | 7.8 (3.4) | 0.634 | 9.5 (1.5) | 20.7 (6.3) | 0.023 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard error, estimated % (standard error). Calculated by complex sample general linear model and complex sample logistic regression analysis.
LMM = low muscle mass, WHtR = waist circumference-to-height ratio, ASM = appendicular skeletal muscle mass, Wt = weight.