Table 1.
Demographics, clinical, and behavioral measuresa.
| SZ (n = 22) | HC (n = 20) | t/x2 | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 33 (9.78) | 33.05 (9.31) | −0.002 | 0.99 | ||
| Sex, M/F | 17/5 | 14/6 | 0.63 | 0.54 | ||
| Parent SESb | 7.89 (5.85) | 5.68 (3.92) | 1.34 | 0.19 | ||
| Smoking Status (Smoker/Non-smoker) | 19/3 | 10/10 | 1.72 | 0.06 | ||
| Smoking, packs per day | 0.73 (0.54) | 0.39 (0.57) | 1.97 | 0.06 | ||
| Medication naïve | n = 9 | |||||
| Months off medication | 27.75 (49.99) | |||||
| Diagnosis (Schizophrenia/schizoaffective) | (19/3) | |||||
| Age of onset, years | 21.86 (3.38) | |||||
| RBANS Totalc | 70.55 (12.67) | 93.5 (14.81) | −2.89 | 0.006 | ||
| SZ 0 | SZ 6d | HC 0 | HC 6 | |||
| BPRSe | ||||||
| Total | 48.59 (10.32) | 29.52 (8.14) | 8.88 | < 0.001 | ||
| Positive | 8.86 (2.48) | 4.52 (2.58) | 7.82 | < 0.001 | ||
| Negative | 7.05 (2.38) | 5.14 (2.31) | 3.01 | 0.007 | ||
| ACC Glx/Cr | 0.67 (0.07) | 0.68 (0.05) | 0.70 (0.07) | 0.72 (0.07) | ||
| Group | 0.047 | |||||
| Time | 0.183 | |||||
| Interaction | 0.895 | |||||
| TASK REACTION TIME, SEC | ||||||
| Congruent | 0.91 (0.18) | 0.90 (0.19) | 0.80 (0.10) | 0.79 (0.13) | ||
| Incongruent | 1.04 (0.18) | 1.03 (0.23) | 1.00 (0.14) | 0.91 (0.10) | ||
| Stroop | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.08) | ||
| MISSING TRIALS | ||||||
| Congruent | 8.45 (11.86) | 6.80 (13.76) | 2.85 (8.38) | 2.75 (5.30) | ||
| Incongruent | 4.32 (7.08) | 4.20 (7.85) | 1.05 (2.63) | 1.25 (2.61) | ||
| TASK ERRORS | ||||||
| Congruent | 10.71 (15.83) | 8.06 (12.49) | 2.75 (4.28) | 4.30 (7.14) | ||
| Incongruent | 4.52 (5.23) | 3.28 (3.75) | 4.25 (5.46) | 3.90 (5.09) | ||
SZ, schizophrenia; HC, healthy control. SZ 0, off-medication baseline schizophrenia; SZ 6, 6 weeks medicated schizophrenia. HC 0, healthy controls baseline; HC 6, healthy controls 6 weeks. ACC, Anterior cingulate cortex; Glx/Cr, Glutamate + Glutamine/Creatine.
Mean (SD) unless indicated otherwise.
Ranks determined from Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (1–18 scale); higher rank (lower numerical value) corresponds to higher socioeconomic status; data not available for 4 SZ subjects.
Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status. Data not available for 5 SZ subjects.
n = 20.
Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (1–7 scale); positive (conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, and unusual thought content); negative (emotional withdrawal, motor retardation, and blunted affect); data not available for 1 SZ subject.