Table 1.
Microbial key factors of host cell exit.
| Type | Factor | Pathogen (stage) | Pathway | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protease | CPAF | Chlamydia trachomatis | Lytic vacuolar escape | Processes host cell proteins, e.g. vimentin and LAP-1 |
| SUB1 | Plasmodium falciparum (RBC merozoite) | Host cell lysis | Processes effectors, e.g. SERA5, SERA6, MSP1 | |
| SERA5 | Plasmodium falciparum (RBC merozoite) | Host cell lysis | Protease-like w/o activity, unknown regulatory function | |
| SERA6 | Plasmodium falciparum (RBC merozoite) | Host cell lysis | Spectrin cleavage, suggested to mediate destabilization of RBC cytoskeleton | |
| SERA5 | Plasmodium berghei (oocyst) | Cyst destruction | Involved in sporozoite egress from the oocyst, unknown function | |
| PM VIII | Plasmodium berghei (oocyst) | Cyst destruction | Involved in sporozoite egress from the oocyst, unknown function | |
| PMX | Plasmodium falciparum (RBC merozoite) | Host cell lysis | Processing of effectors, e.g. SUB1 | |
| Phospholipase/Cholesterol Acyltransferase | PI-PLC PlcA | Listeria monocytogenes | Lytic vacuolar escape | Suggested to stalling autophagosome formation during vacuolar escape |
| PC-PLC PlcB | Listeria monocytogenes | Lytic vacuolar escape | Suggested to stalling autophagosome formation during vacuolar escape | |
| PlaA | Legionella pneumophila | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in vacuolar membrane rupture, counteracted by SdhA | |
| SseJ | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in SCV membrane rupture, counteracted by SifA | |
| PbPL | Plasmodium berghei (liver stage merozoite) | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in PVM rupture | |
| LCAT | Toxoplasma gondii (tachyzoite) | Host cell lysis | Involved in PVM rupture, unknown function | |
| Poreformer/Cytolysin | LLO | Listeria monocytogenes | Lytic vacuolar escape | Lyses membranes of primary and secondary vacuoles |
| ESAT-6 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Lytic vacuolar escape | Lyses vacuolar membrane | |
| CFP-10 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Lytic vacuolar escape | Lyses vacuolar membrane | |
| T3SS1 | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in vacuolar escape, unknown function | |
| IpaB | Shigella flexneri | Lytic vacuolar escape | Formation of pore complex in vacuolar membrane, cholesterol binding | |
| IpaC | Shigella flexneri | Lytic vacuolar escape | Formation of pore complex in vacuolar membrane, cholesterol binding | |
| IpaD | Shigella flexneri | Lytic vacuolar escape | Suggested to regulator formation of pore complex in vacuolar membrane | |
| Leishporin | Leishmania | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in phagolysosomale escape, unknown function | |
| PPLP1 | Plasmodium falciparum (sporozoite) | Lytic vacuolar escape | Perforation of transient vacuolar membrane | |
| PPLP2 | Plasmodium falciparum/berghei (gametocyte) | Host cell lysis | Perforation of the RBCM | |
| Tc-Tox | Trypanosoma cruzi (metacyclic trypomastigote) | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in vacuolar escape, unknown function | |
| Non-lytic egress | Sec14, Plb1 | Cryptococcus neoformans | Vomocytosis | Non-lytic escape from macrophages and amoebae |
| LepA | Legionella pneumophila | Endocytosis | Non-lytic escape from amoebae | |
| LepB | Legionella pneumophila | Endocytosis | Non-lytic escape from amoebae | |
| ESAT-6 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Ejection | Non-lytic escape from amoebae | |
| ESX-1 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Ejection | Non-lytic escape from amoebae | |
| Cytoskeleton modulator | BimA | Burkholderia | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, mimicry of Ena/VASP actin polymerases |
| ActA | Listeria monocytogenes | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, WASP mimicry | |
| InlC | Listeria monocytogenes | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, cortex destabilization | |
| RickA | Rickettsia | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, WASP mimicry | |
| Sca2 | Rickettsia | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, actin nucleator | |
| Sca4 | Rickettsia | Protrusion | Involved in protrusion engulfment, interaction with vinculin | |
| IcsA | Shigella flexneri | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, N-WASP activation | |
| VirA | Shigella flexneri | Protrusion | Involved in actin tail formation, microtubule degradation, cysteine protease-like | |
| MTRAP | Plasmodium falciparum/berghei (gametocyte) | Host cell lysis | Involved in PVM rupture, suggested to mediate contact between PVM and parasite cytoskeleton | |
| Further/unknown | GEST | Plasmodium berghei (gametocyte) | Host cell lysis | Involved in PVM rupture, unknown function |
| PAT | Plasmodium falciparum (gametocyte) | Host cell lysis | Involved in osmiophilic body discharge | |
| Transsialidase | Trypanosoma cruzi (metacyclic trypomastigote) | Lytic vacuolar escape | Involved in vacuolar escape, unknown function |