Table 4.
The effect of first exposure to whole body cryostimulation or passive rest on immunological response and amino acid profile among all volleyball athletes.
| Group | Baseline mean ± SD | Observed change mean ± SD (%) | Adjusted changea mean ± SD (%) | Adjusted effectb |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean;CI (%) | Inferencec | |||||
| Irisin (ng⋅mL-1) | Control | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 8 ± 40 | 6 ± 39 | -7 | Small |
| Cryotherapy | 9.7 ± 1.1 | -5 ± 27 | -2 ± 22% | -24 to 13 | ||
| IL-6 (pg⋅mL-1) | Control | 1.1 ± 0.9 | -38 ± 118 | -37 ± 104% | -30 | Small ↓∗∗ |
| Cryotherapy | 1.0 ± 0.8 | -55 ± 69 | -56 ± 66 | (57 to 13% | ||
| BDNF (ng⋅mL-1) | Control | 20.5 ± 6.4 | 31 ± 52 | 36 ± 51 | -37 | Moderate ↓∗∗ |
| Cryotherapy | 20.9 ± 13.2 | -4 ± 169 | -14 ± 69 | -57 to -7% | ||
| FGF-21 (pg⋅mL(1) | Control | 103.0 ± 124.7 | -28 ± 101 | -19 ± 92 | (56% | Moderate ↓∗∗∗ |
| Cryotherapy | 202.0 ± 147.6 | -66 ± 43 | -64 ± 43% | -71 to -34 | ||
| IL-15 (pg⋅mL-1) | Control | 2.1 ± 0.8 | -28 ± 41 | -25 ± 30 | (10% | Small |
| Cryotherapy | 1.6 ± 0.9 | -29 ± 64 | -32 ± 53 | -32 to 18% | ||
| Myostatin (ng⋅mL-1) | Control | 27.9 ± 11.3 | 16 ± 14 | 17 ± 15 | -6 | Trivial |
| Cryotherapy | 33.8 ± 8.5 | 13 ± 21 | 10 ± 22 | -19 to 10 | ||
| IGF-1 (pg⋅mL-1) | Control | 188.8 ± 34.5 | -5 ± 107 | -6 ± 106 | 9 | Small |
| Cryotherapy | 199.4 ± 83.7 | 2 ± 32 | 2 ± 25 | -28 to 64 | ||
| Valine (μmol⋅L-1) | Control | 100.9 ± 25.9 | 5 ± 50 | 8 ± 25 | 27 | Moderate ↑∗∗ |
| Cryotherapy | 98.3 ± 29.9 | 41 ± 59 | 37 ± 44 | 2–59 | ||
| Leucine (μmol⋅L-1) | Control | 101.8 ± 26.5 | 32 ± 57 | 26 ± 58 | -3 | Trivial |
| Cryotherapy | 125.8 ± 43.3 | 12 ± 42 | 23 ± 26 | -29 to 33 | ||
| Isoleucine (μmol⋅L-1) | Control | 117.5 ± 62.2 | 33 ± 51 | 33 ± 44 | 0 | Trivial |
| Cryotherapy | 111.5 ± 41.0 | 33 ± 32 | 33 ± 28 | -20 to 25 | ||
| Tryptophan (μmol⋅L-1) | Control | 40.9 ± 11.2 | 31 ± 31 | 26 ± 30 | -2 | Trivial |
| Cryotherapy | 49.1 ± 14.3 | 18 ± 28 | 24 ± 24 | -18 to 18 | ||
CI, 90% confidence interval. All data are percentages, with the exception of baseline values expressed in measurement units. Inferences shown in bold are clear at the 98% level of confidence. aAdjusted to overall mean of in baseline control and cryotherapy group. bAdjusted mean change of Cryotherapy group minus adjusted mean Control group. cMagnitude thresholds (for difference in means divided by SD of Cryotherapy group): <0.20, trivial; 0.20–0.59, small; 0.60–1.19, moderate; >1.20, large. ↑ – increase; ↓ – decrease. Asterisks indicate effects clear at the 5% level and likelihood that the true effect is substantial: ∗ – possible, ∗∗ – likely, ∗∗∗ – very likely, ∗∗∗∗ – most likely.