Table 2.
Limits of detection, detection frequency, and concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites (ng/mL) during pregnancy in this study (n = 378) and in NHANES females from 2011 to 2012 (n = 1229).
| Parent Phthalate | Phthalate Metabolite | LOD (ng/mL) | DF (%) | SG-adjusted GMa (95% CI) | Unadjusted GMb (95% CI) | NHANES’11 to ‘12c GM (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEHP | MEHP | 0.35 | 95.8 | 3.13 (2.85−3.45) | 2.65 (2.36−2.99) | 1.24 (1.14−1.34) |
| DEHP | MEOHP | 0.10 | 99.7 | 5.92 (5.48−6.42) | 5.02 (4.50−5.62) | 7.20 (6.77−7.66) |
| DEHP | MEHHP | 0.10 | 100 | 7.49 (6.92−8.09) | 6.34 (5.70−7.10) | 4.71 (4.39−5.07) |
| DiBP | MiBP | 0.17 | 100 | 11.3 (10.4−12.3) | 9.57 (8.44−10.8) | 5.52 (4.95−6.15) |
| DBP | MBP | 0.95 | 98.4 | 16.1 (14.8−17.6) | 13.7 (12.1−15.5) | 7.14 (6.05−8.41) |
| BBzP | MBzP | 0.10 | 98.4 | 11.2 (9.83−12.8) | 9.47 (8.06−11.1) | 4.27 (3.81−4.77) |
| DMP | MMP | 0.34 | 93.7 | 2.27 (2.01−2.54) | 1.92 (1.66−2.23) | d |
| DEP | MEP | 1.00 | 98.9 | 55.5 (47.9−64.2) | 47.0 (39.3−55.5) | 37.7 (30.6−46.4) |
LOD = limit of detection; DF = detection frequency; GM = geometric mean; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
a
Values adjusted for specific gravity.
b
values not adjusted for specific gravity.
c
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Fourth Report Updated, unadjusted values for females aged 6 + 2011–2012.
d
Not calculated: proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result.