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Summary of MSC-exosome-derived therapeutic effects after stroke. MSC-derived exosomes transfer microRNA to the various cells of the neurovascular unit as well as stimulate parenchymal brain cells to secrete growth and trophic factors which promote neurorestorative mechanisms such as angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses which contribute to neurological functional recovery after stroke.
