Table 1.
Selected examples of cerebrovascular alterations in models of hypertension.
| Model | Cerebrovascular effects | Method | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic | SHR | Impaired autoregulation | Cranial window (LDF) | Toyoda et al.144 | |
| Impaired neurovascular coupling | Cranial window (LSF) Thin skull (2PLSM) | Calcinaghi et al.96 | |||
| Endothelium-independent responses | |||||
| Enhanced constriction (Ser) | Basilar artery rings | Winquist et al.145 | |||
| Reduced calcium sensitivity | |||||
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Pressurized MCA | Toth et al.146 | |||
| Cranial window (LSF) | Freitas et al.147 | ||||
| SHR-SP | Impaired autoregulation | Cranial window (LDF) | Smeda et al.148 | ||
| Endothelium-independent responses | |||||
| No effect (Adenosine) | Cranial window (pial a. Ø) | Mayhan et al.149 | |||
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Cranial window (pial or basilar a. Ø) | Mayhan et al.149 Kitazono et al.150 | |||
| Impaired dilatation (BK) | Cranial window (pial a. Ø) | Yang et al.151 | |||
| Impaired dilatation (A23187) | Yang et al.152 | ||||
| BPH | Impaired neurovascular coupling | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.88 | ||
| Endothelium-independent responses | |||||
| No effect (Adenosine) | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.88 | |||
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.88 | |||
|
| |||||
| Salt-sensitive | Dahl SS | Impaired autoregulation | Cranial window (LDF) Pressurized MCA Ø | Fan et al.153 Smeda et al.154 | |
| DOCA-salt | Impaired neurovascular coupling | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.119 | ||
| Endothelium-independent responses | |||||
| Enhanced constriction (Ser) | Basilar artery strips | Soltis et al.155 | |||
| No effect (Adenosine) | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.119 | |||
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.119 | |||
| Pressurized MCA/Pen. Art. Ø | Matin et al.156 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Ang II | Topical neocortex | Impaired neurovascular coupling | Cranial window (LDF) | Kazama et al.95 | |
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Cranial window (LDF) | Faraco et al.119 | |||
| Acute i.v. | Impaired neurovascular coupling | Cranial window (LDF) | Kazama et al.93 | ||
| Endothelium-independent responses | |||||
| No effect (Adenosine) | Cranial window (LDF) | Girouard et al.72 | |||
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Cranial window (LDF) | Girouard et al.72 | |||
| Carotid rings | Didion et al.157 | ||||
| Impaired dilatation (A23187) | Cranial window (LDF) | Capone et al.98 | |||
| Slow pressor | Impaired neurovascular coupling | Cranial window (LDF) | Kazama et al.95 | ||
| Endothelium-independent responses | |||||
| Enhanced constriction (Ser) | Carotid rings | Ryan et al.158 | |||
| No effect (Adenosine) | Cranial window (LDF) | Capone et al.94 | |||
| Endothelium-dependent responses | |||||
| Impaired dilatation (ACh) | Carotid rings | Schrader et al.77 | |||
| Pressurized basilar a. Ø | Chrissobolis et al.70 | ||||
| Cranial window (LDF) | Capone et al.94 | ||||
| Impaired dilatation (BK) | Cranial window (LDF) | Capone et al.94 | |||
| Impaired dilatation (A23187) | Cranial window (LDF) | Capone et al.94 | |||
| Pressurized basilar a. Ø | Johnson et al.159 | ||||
SHR: spontaneously hypertensive rat; SHR-SP: Stroke-prone SHR; SS: salt sensitive; LDF: laser Doppler flowmetry; LSF: laser speckle flowmetry; 2PLSM: 2-photon laser scanning microscopy; Ser: Serotonin; ACh: Acetylcholine; BK: Bradykinin; A23187: calcium-ionophore; Ø: diameter; MCA: middle cerebral artery.