Figure 1.

CCl₄-induced liver injury. CCl₄ trigger the continuous development of hepatocyte injury by inducing cell stress via inflammation, macrophages activation, mitochondrion path, and oxidative stress, resulting in apoptosis, hepatic fibrosis, and liver injury. COX-2: epoxide hydrolase; PGs: prostaglandins; HSC: hepatic stellate cells; CYP450: cytochrome P450; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; IL: interleukin; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; AP-1: activated protein transcription factor 1; PLA₂: phosphatase A2; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; Cyt-C: cytochrome C.