Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics, body composition and exercise test parameters.
| Mean ± SD or N (%) in all participants | Mean ± SD or N (%) in females | Mean ± SD or N (%) in males | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a. Demographic/clinical | ||||
| Age, years (n = 4036) | 17.8 ± 0.4 | 17.8 ± 0.4 | 17.8 ± 0.4 | 0.797 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/l (n = 2673) | 3.75 ± 0.67 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l (n = 2673) | 0.83 ± 0.36 | 0.83 ± 0.34 | 0.83 ± 0.38 | 0.974 |
| HDL, mmol/l (n = 2673) | 1.27 ± 0.30 | 1.35 ± 0.32 | 1.18 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
| LDL, mmol/l (n = 2673) | 2.10 ± 0.60 | 2.20 ± 0.62 | 1.99 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l (n = 2673) | 5.02 ± 0.40 | 4.91 ± 0.36 | 5.14 ± 0.41 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension diagnosis (n = 4036) | 28 (0.7) | 18 (0.8) | 10 (0.6) | 0.320 |
| Current smokera (n = 4036) | 414 (10.3) | 237 (10.7) | 177 (9.8) | 0.293 |
| Office BP raised adolescentb (n = 3942) | 28 (7.5) | 117 (5.4) | 179 (10.1) | 0.320 |
| Office BP raised adultc (n = 3918) | 118 (3.0) | 14 (0.6) | 104 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| b. Body composition | ||||
| Height, m (n = 3942) | 1.71 ± 0.09 | 1.65 ± 0.06 | 1.79 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg (n = 3946) | 66.8 ± 13.2 | 62.5 ± 11.9 | 72.2 ± 12.8 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (n = 3942) | 22.7 ± 3.9 | 22.9 ± 4.0 | 22.6 ± 3.7 | 0.015 |
| Body fat, % (n = 3907) | 25.4 ± 11.5 | 33.4 ± 7.0 | 15.6 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| Total fat mass, kg (n = 3875) | 17.9 ± 10.1 | 21.4 ± 9.1 | 13.8 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Total lean mass, kg (n = 3875) | 45.7 ± 10.0 | 38.0 ± 4.3 | 55.2 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| c. Exercise test parameters | ||||
| Pre-exercise SBP, mm Hg (n = 3984) | 121 ± 13 | 117 ± 11 | 127 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Pre-exercise DBP, mm Hg (n = 3984) | 74 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 0.376 |
| Pre-exercise MAP, mm Hg (n = 3984) | 89 ± 9 | 88 ± 9 | 91 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Pre-exercise heart rate, bpm (n = 3983) | 82 ± 13 | 84 ± 13 | 79 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Post-exercise SBP, mm Hg (n = 4036) | 143 ± 16 | 141 ± 16 | 145 ± 17 | <0.001 |
| Post-exercise DBP, mm Hg (n = 4036) | 80 ± 10 | 81 ± 11 | 79 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Post-exercise MAP, mm Hg (n = 4036) | 101 ± 10 | 101 ± 10 | 102 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Post-exercise heart rate, bpm (n = 4036) | 105 ± 21 | 112 ± 21 | 96 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Post-exercise RPP (n = 4036) | 14,886 ± 3426 | 15,716 ± 3526 | 13,865 ± 3000 | <0.001 |
| Recovery-exercise SBP, mm Hg (n = 3951) | 128 ± 13 | 125 ± 12 | 132 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Recovery-exercise DBP, mm Hg (n = 3951) | 81 ± 9 | 81 ± 9 | 81 ± 9 | 0.365 |
| Recovery-exercise MAP, mm Hg (n = 3951) | 96 ± 9 | 95 ± 97 | 97 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Recovery exercise heart rate, bpm (n = 3951) | 88 ± 15 | 91 ± 15 | 85 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Percentage of max heart rate achieved, % | 52 ± 11 | 55 ± 10 | 47 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Change heart rate pre- to post-exercise, bpm | 23 ± 17 | 28 ± 17 | 17 ± 13 | <0.001 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%). HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RPP, rate-pressure product. p values relate to comparison of males vs. females and were calculated using a t-test or Chi2 test as appropriate.
a
Defined as currently smoking at least one cigarette every day.
b
Systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥95th percentile cut-points for gender, and height at age 17.
c
Systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥140/90 mm Hg.