Table 2.
Literature review of receptive integration tasks.
| Researchers | Readers | Texts | Task |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maier and Richter (2016) | 39 university undergraduates in Germany | Two texts arguing for contrary positions regarding whether or not electromagnetic radiation from cell phones causes possible health risks. |
Sentence verification Participants indicated whether 48 sentences matched the content of the texts. The sentences used were:
|
| Bråten and Strømsø (2006) | 75 teacher students at a college in southeast Norway | A≠B Seven texts about different aspects of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were presented either separately or as a textbook. |
Sentence verification Readers judged whether sentences that combined information from two texts created either a valid or an invalid inference. See also: Strømsø et al. (2008); Strømsø and Bråten (2009); Bråten and Strømsø (2010, 2011); Salmerón et al. (2010); Strømsø et al. (2010); Karimi and Atai (2014); Karimi (2015). |
| Wiley and Voss (1999) | 64 undergraduates at the University of Pittsburgh, United States | A+B Eight documents dealing with Ireland from 1800 to 1850, such as a map, brief descriptions of the Act of Union, the Act of Emancipation, etc. These were presented either on a computer as a web like environment, or as a book chapter. |
Sentence verification Students were asked whether 10 statements that demanded inferencing were true on the basis of the information they read. Identification task Students were asked to indicate on a l–10 scale how similar the causes of other historical scenarios were to the texts that were read. |
| Davis et al. (2017) | 83 students in Grades 5–7, from the southwestern United States | A≠B Three texts dealing with new classifications of plants with variations in tone and authorial credentials. |
Sentence verification The readers judged whether 35 items were correct or not according to the texts. |
| Mateos et al. (2016) | 476 students from two universities located in Madrid and Barcelona | A≠B Three texts on the topic of nuclear energy. |
Sentence verification A test of 22 items in which students were asked to decide in each case “whether the idea expressed can be deduced (or not) from the information included in the texts.” The items were either statements that could be answered based on the information in one text or statements that required integrating information from at least two of the texts. |
| Kobayashi (2015) | 44 Japanese undergraduate students | A≠B 20 pairs of texts dealing with fictitious scientific, social, or personal issues. |
Sentence verification Readers judged whether 20 statements (one statement per text) were valid or not. |
| Britt and Sommer (2004) | 28 undergraduates at Northern Illinois University | A≠B Two texts that described the same historical event, the United States assuming control of the Illinois Territory from Indian tribes. One text was critical of the United States government and the second was supportive. |
Time-line task
|
| Wineburg (1991) | Eight high school students and eight historians (who possessed a doctoral degree, or doctoral students) in the United States | A≠B A set of eight written and three pictorial documents that dealt with the Battle of Lexington. |
Choosing a picture that matches the content of the texts Think alouds Readers read eight texts and were asked to choose the picture that best describes the battle, while thinking aloud. Their comments were coded for:
|