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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2018 Sep;28(3):571–590. doi: 10.1111/jora.12381

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A conceptual model depicting framework for study analyses. Each of the 4 final analytic models examined longitudinal associations between a parent behavior (either warmth or control) and a child behavior (either externalizing or internalizing) across 12 different cultural groups. Cross-lagged paths examined principal study hypotheses. However, to ensure the robustness of significant cross-lagged paths, other depicted paths were controlled for in all models. These include time-specific associations with study covariates (i.e., child gender, mother education, and father education), stability in parent and child behavior over time (as depicted by the autoregressive paths), and contemporaneous associations between parent and child behavior. Finally, associations between measures at non-adjacent time points (e.g., child behavior at age 8 and 10) were also controlled for but not depicted here for simplicity of presentation.