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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2018 Sep;28(3):571–590. doi: 10.1111/jora.12381

Table 4.

Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Associations Between Parental Warmth and Child Externalizing Across 12 Different Cultural Groups.

Externalizing Regressed on Warmth (Parenting Effects)
Warmth Regressed on Externalizing (Child Effects)
a8 Warmth -->
9 Externalizing		 a9 Warmth --> 10
Externalizing		 a10 Warmth -->
12 Externalizing		 a12 Warmth -->
13 Externalizing		 a8 Externalizing-->
9 Warmth		 a9 Externalizing -->
10 Warmth		 a10 Externalizing -->
12 Warmth		 b12 Externalizing
--> 13 Warmth
Country/Culture β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE
USEA 0.00 0.01 −0.03 0.01 ** 0.00 0.01 −0.01 0.02 −0.11 0.04 ** −0.23 0.05 *** −0.17 0.05 *** −0.06 0.11
USAA 0.00 0.02 −0.04 0.01 ** 0.00 0.01 −0.01 0.01 −0.12 0.04 ** −0.18 0.04 *** −0.13 0.04 *** −0.13 0.12
USLA 0.00 0.02 −0.04 0.02 ** 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0.03 −0.08 0.03 ** −0.10 0.02 *** −0.12 0.03 *** −0.19 0.14
China 0.00 0.03 −0.07 0.03 ** 0.01 0.04 −0.02 0.04 −0.05 0.02 ** −0.06 0.01 *** −0.07 0.02 *** −0.18 0.13
Italy, Naples 0.00 0.02 −0.06 0.02 ** 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0.02 −0.08 0.03 ** −0.12 0.02 *** −0.09 0.02 *** 0.10 0.09
Italy, Rome 0.00 0.02 −0.05 0.02 ** 0.01 0.03 −0.01 0.02 −0.06 0.02 ** −0.10 0.02 *** −0.09 0.02 *** 0.10 0.10
Kenya 0.00 0.03 −0.10 0.04 ** 0.01 0.03 −0.01 0.02 −0.05 0.02 ** −0.07 0.01 *** −0.10 0.03 *** −0.03 0.11
Philippines 0.00 0.02 −0.05 0.02 ** 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0.02 −0.07 0.02 ** −0.11 0.02 *** −0.12 0.03 *** 0.05 0.09
Thailand 0.00 0.03 −0.07 0.03 ** 0.01 0.03 −0.02 0.04 −0.05 0.02 ** −0.08 0.02 *** −0.07 0.02 *** 0.04 0.09
Sweden 0.00 0.03 −0.05 0.02 ** 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0.03 −0.09 0.03 ** −0.13 0.03 *** −0.09 0.03 *** −0.08 0.12
Colombia 0.00 0.01 −0.06 0.02 ** 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0.02 −0.07 0.03 ** −0.14 0.03 *** −0.08 0.02 *** −0.42 0.11 ***
Jordan 0.00 0.02 −0.05 0.02 ** 0.01 0.02 −0.01 0.02 −0.06 0.02 ** −0.11 0.02 *** −0.11 0.03 *** −0.09 0.09

Note:

***

p ≤ .001;

**

p ≤ .01. USEA = US European American sample. USAA = US African American sample. USLA = US Latin American sample. Coefficients are standardized.

a

Parameter was constrained to equality across cultural groups without significantly worsening model fit; slight variation in parameter estimates across cultural groups arises in the context of standardized coefficients.

b

Parameter was not constrained to equality across cultural groups to improve model fit.