. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2018 Sep;28(3):571–590. doi: 10.1111/jora.12381

Table 5.

Autoregressive Cross−Lagged Associations Between Parental Warmth and Child Internalizing Across 12 Different Cultural Groups.

	Internalizing Regressed on Warmth (Parenting Effects)													Warmth Regressed on Internalizing (Child Effects)
	^a8 Warmth --> 9 Internalizing			^a9 Warmth --> 10 Internalizing			^a10 Warmth --> 12 Internalizing		^a12 Warmth --> 13 Internalizing		^a8 Internalizing --> 9 Warmth			^b9 Internalizing --> 10 Warmth			^a10 Internalizing --> 12 Warmth			^b12 Internalizing --> 13 Warmth

Country/Culture	β	SE		β	SE		β	SE	β	SE	β	SE		β	SE		β	SE		β	SE
USEA	−0.03	0.01	^*	−0.03	0.02	^*	−0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01	−0.09	0.04	^*	−0.08	0.07		−0.10	0.05	^*	−0.04	0.10
USAA	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.02	−0.08	0.04	^*	−0.34	0.11	^**	−0.05	0.03	^*	−0.20	0.11
USLA	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.03	0.02	^*	−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.03	−0.08	0.03	^*	−0.35	0.09	^***	−0.07	0.03	^*	0.03	0.12
China	−0.05	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.02	^*	−0.02	0.04	−0.01	0.05	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.07	0.08		−0.05	0.03	^*	−0.24	0.12	^*
Italy, Naples	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.02	−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.21	0.07	^**	−0.06	0.03	^*	0.17	0.09
Italy, Rome	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.02	0.02	−0.01	0.02	−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.01	0.09		−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.06	0.09
Kenya	−0.09	0.05	^*	−0.09	0.05	^*	−0.02	0.03	−0.01	0.02	−0.04	0.02	^*	0.00	0.10		−0.05	0.03	^*	−0.03	0.11
Philippines	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.02	^*	−0.02	0.03	−0.01	0.02	−0.06	0.02	^*	−0.08	0.07		−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.06	0.09
Thailand	−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.02	0.04	−0.01	0.04	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.19	0.07	^*	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.07	0.10
Sweden	−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.03	−0.09	0.04	^*	−0.18	0.08	^*	−0.06	0.03	^*	−0.06	0.12
Colombia	−0.02	0.01	^*	−0.05	0.03	^*	−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.03	−0.06	0.03	^*	0.05	0.08		−0.05	0.02	^*	−0.19	0.10
Jordan	−0.05	0.03	^*	−0.05	0.03	^*	−0.02	0.03	−0.01	0.03	−0.04	0.02	^*	−0.17	0.08	^*	−0.05	0.02	^*	−0.22	0.08	^**

Note:

^***

p ≤ .001;

^**

p ≤ .01;

p ≤ .05. USEA = US European American sample. USAA = US African American sample. USLA = US Latin American sample. Coefficients are standardized.

Parameter was constrained to equality across cultural groups without significantly worsening model fit; slight variation in parameter estimates across cultural groups arises in the context of standardized coefficients.

Parameter was not constrained to equality across cultural groups to improve model fit.