. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2018 Sep;28(3):571–590. doi: 10.1111/jora.12381

Table 7.

Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Associations Between Parental Control and Child Internalizing Across 12 Different Cultural Groups.

	Internalizing Regressed on Control (Parenting Effects)												Control Regressed on Internalizing (Child Effects)
	^a8 Control --> 9 Internalizing		^a9 Control --> 10 Internalizing			^a10 Control --> 12 Internalizing		^a12 Control --> 13 Internalizing		^a8 Internalizing --> 9 Control			^a9 Internalizing --> 10 Control			^a10 Internalizing --> 12 Control			^a12 Internalizing --> 13 Control

Country/Culture	β	SE	β	SE		β	SE	β	SE	β	SE		β	SE		β	SE		β	SE
USEA	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.03	−0.03	0.03	0.06	0.02	^**	0.05	0.02	^*	0.07	0.02	^**	−0.02	0.03
USAA	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.03	^*	−0.04	0.02	−0.02	0.02	0.08	0.03	^**	0.06	0.03	^*	0.06	0.02	^**	−0.02	0.03
USLA	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.03	−0.03	0.03	0.09	0.03	^**	0.05	0.03	^*	0.11	0.04	^**	−0.02	0.03
China	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	−0.04	0.03	0.07	0.03	^**	0.07	0.03	^*	0.11	0.04	^**	−0.02	0.03
Italy, Naples	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	−0.03	0.02	0.07	0.03	^**	0.06	0.03	^*	0.08	0.03	^**	−0.02	0.03
Italy, Rome	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.03	−0.03	0.02	0.07	0.03	^**	0.05	0.02	^*	0.09	0.03	^**	−0.02	0.03
Kenya	0.02	0.02	0.06	0.03	^*	−0.04	0.02	−0.03	0.02	0.08	0.03	^**	0.05	0.02	^*	0.05	0.02	^**	−0.02	0.03
Philippines	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	−0.03	0.02	0.09	0.03	^**	0.06	0.03	^*	0.09	0.03	^**	−0.02	0.03
Thailand	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.03	−0.03	0.03	0.07	0.03	^**	0.06	0.03	^*	0.08	0.03	^**	−0.02	0.03
Sweden	0.04	0.04	0.06	0.03	^*	−0.07	0.04	−0.06	0.05	0.06	0.02	^**	0.03	0.02	^*	0.05	0.02	^**	−0.01	0.02
Colombia	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.02	^*	−0.04	0.02	−0.03	0.02	0.09	0.03	^**	0.07	0.04	^*	0.08	0.03	^**	−0.02	0.03
Jordan	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.02	^*	−0.05	0.03	−0.02	0.02	0.07	0.03	^**	0.05	0.03	^*	0.09	0.03	^**	−0.02	0.03

Note:

^**

p ≤ .01;

p ≤ .05. USEA = US European American sample. USAA = US African American sample. USLA = US Latin American sample. Coefficients are standardized.

Parameter was constrained to equality across cultural groups without significantly worsening model fit; slight variation in parameter estimates across cultural groups arises in the context of standardized coefficients.