Figure 4.

Forest plot of the adverse events of CCBs versus other medicines. 4.1 Total adverse events. Ten studies with a total of 1231 participants reported overall adverse events. Significant heterogeneity occurred among the enrolled studies (I² = 54%, P = .02). No significant difference was observed on adverse events for hypertensive patients treated by CCB versus other strategies (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.16). 4.2 Atrial fibrillation. Six studies with a total of 1224 participants reported atrial fibrillation, which is one of the most common adverse events. No significant heterogeneity was found (I² = 32%, P = .20). There no statistical difference was observed between the 2 groups regarding the prevalence of atrial fibrillation ((RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.07). 4.3 Heart rates. Six studies with a total of 569 participants referred heart rate after surgery. Significant heterogeneity was observed among studies (I² = 84%, P <.05). No significant difference on heart rates between CCB and other antihypertensive measures (MD = −1.05, 95% CI: −7.81, 5.71). CCB = calcium channel blockers, CI = confidence interval, MD = mean difference.