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. 2016 Mar 24;73(5):849–859. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbw031

Table 2.

OLS Regression Models of Low Mastery, Constraints, and Hopelessness: Health and Retirement Study at Baseline (2006/2008; n = 8,945)

Low mastery Perceived constraints Hopelessness
Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
b SE b SE b SE b SE b SE b SE
Education
 Less than high schoola 0.15 0.05** 0.11 0.05* 0.50 0.04*** 0.45 0.04*** 0.73 0.04*** 0.68 0.04***
 High school degreea 0.12 0.04** 0.11 0.04** 0.25 0.03*** 0.23 0.03*** 0.41 0.03*** 0.38 0.03***
 Some collegea 0.08 0.03* 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.04*** 0.11 0.04** 0.21 0.03*** 0.17 0.03***
Baseline social circumstances and health
 Separated/divorcedb −0.04 0.05 −0.02 0.04 0.12 0.04**
 Widowedb −0.04 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.03**
 Never marriedb 0.11 0.07 0.23 0.09* 0.26 0.08**
 Low social supportc 0.27 0.03*** 0.32 0.02*** 0.34 0.02***
 Any ADL limitationd 0.29 0.04 0.31 0.04*** 0.18 0.03***
 Any health conditionse 0.05 0.03 0.08 0.03** 0.10 0.03***
Covariates
 Age/10 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
 Femalef 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.02 −0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 −0.11 0.02*** −0.08 0.02***
 Non-Hispanic blackg −0.03 0.05 −0.05 0.05 −0.00 0.06 −0.03 0.06 −0.04 0.05 −0.07 0.05
 Hispanicg −0.13 0.06* −0.12 0.06* −0.01 0.08 −0.00 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.05
 Non-Hispanic otherg −0.01 0.08 −0.05 0.08 0.22 0.09* 0.17 0.09 0.22 0.08** 0.18 0.08*
 Foreign-bornh 0.12 0.07 0.13 0.06* 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 −0.01 0.06 0.03 0.06
 Depressedi 0.55 0.04*** 0.43 0.04*** 0.81 0.03*** 0.67 0.03*** 0.75 0.04*** 0.62 0.04***
Constant −0.35 0.08*** −0.22 0.08* −0.53 0.09*** −0.35 0.09*** −0.56 0.09*** −0.35 0.09***
F statistic F(10, 47) = 26.94*** F(16, 41) = 36.25*** F (10, 47) = 129.04*** F(16, 41) = 102.63*** F(10, 47) = 112.58*** F(16, 41) = 111.10***
Pseudo R2 .05 .08 .15 .18 .17 .21

Notes. ADL = activity of daily living; b = unstandardized regression coefficient; OLS = ordinary least squares; SE = standard error.

aReference group is college education, bReference group is married/partnered, cReference group is high social support, dReference is no ADL limitations, eReference is no health conditions, fReference is male, gReference group is non-Hispanic white, hReference group is U.S. born, iReference is not depressed at baseline.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.