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. 2016 Mar 24;73(5):849–859. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbw031

Table 3.

Models Predicting 4-Year Change in Psychosocial Functioning: Health and Retirement Study (n = 8,945)

Low mastery Perceived constraints Hopelessness
Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
b SE b SE b SE b SE b SE b SE
Education
 Less than high schoola 0.17 0.04*** 0.12 0.04** 0.26 0.04*** 0.22 0.04*** 0.37 0.04*** 0.35 0.04***
 High school degreea 0.13 0.03*** 0.11 0.03*** 0.16 0.02*** 0.14 0.03*** 0.22 0.02*** 0.21 0.02***
 Some collegea 0.10 0.03** 0.07 0.03* 0.13 0.03*** 0.11 0.02*** 0.12 0.03*** 0.10 0.03***
Negative changes and events
 Lost spouse/partner (by follow-up)b −0.03 0.05 −0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04
 Not married/partnered (baseline & follow-up)b 0.00 0.03 −0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
 Loss of support (by follow-up)c 0.19 0.04*** 0.19 0.03*** 0.22 0.03***
 Chronic low support (baseline & follow-up)c 0.19 0.02*** 0.23 0.03*** 0.22 0.02***
 Onset of ADL Limitations (by follow-up)d 0.31 0.05*** 0.36 0.05*** 0.24 0.05***
 Chronic ADL limitations (baseline & follow-up)d 0.41 0.06*** 0.33 0.05** 0.21 0.04***
 Onset of health condition(s) (by follow-up)e 0.05 0.04 0.12 0.04** 0.08 0.03*
 Chronic health condition (baseline & follow-up)e 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.02**
Covariates
 Baseline value −0.59 0.01*** −0.61 0.01*** −0.54 0.01*** −0.57 0.01*** −0.46 0.01*** −0.49 0.01***
 Age/10 0.08 0.01*** 0.06 0.01*** 0.07 0.01*** 0.05 0.01*** 0.05 0.01*** 0.04 0.01**
 Femalef 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02 −0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 −0.08 0.02*** −0.06 0.02**
 Non-Hispanic blackg −0.04 0.03 −0.06 0.03 −0.05 0.04 −0.07 0.04 −0.02 0.03 −0.04 0.03
 Hispanicg −0.06 0.05 −0.07 0.05 −0.05 0.05 −0.06 0.05 0.10 0.04* 0.10 0.04*
 Non-Hispanic otherg −0.13 0.08 −0.16 0.08* 0.02 0.09 −0.01 0.09 0.17 0.06** 0.14 0.06*
 Foreign-bornh 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.05* −0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04
 Depressedi 0.26 0.03*** 0.16 0.03*** 0.34 0.03*** 0.26 0.03*** 0.26 0.04*** 0.19 0.04***
Constant −0.69 0.09*** −0.70 0.09*** −0.63 0.08*** −0.69 0.08*** −0.51 0.07*** −0.58 0.07***
F statistic F(11, 46) = 138.18*** F(19, 38) = 83.19*** F(11, 46) = 153.67*** F(19, 38) = 118.91*** F(11, 46) = 93.01*** F(19, 38) = 53.54***
Pseudo R2 .31 .33 .27 .29 .23 .25

Notes. ADL = activity of daily living; b = unstandardized regression coefficient; SE = standard error.

aReference group is college education, bReference group is stable partnership of became married/partnered, cReference group is consistently high social support or gained support, dReference is no ADL limitations or limitations improved, eReference is no health conditions, fReference is male, gReference group is non-Hispanic white, hReference group is U.S. born, iReference is not depressed at baseline.

*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.