Table 2.
Odds Ratios for the Progression of Disability by Gender for Adults Aged 65 or Older in the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) 2001–2003 (top) and in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2000–2002 (bottom)
| Model 3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MHAS (Mexico) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |||||
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | ||
| Disability | |||||||||
| At Time 1 (Ref.: no disability) | |||||||||
| Mobility only | 3.07*** | 2.82*** | 2.76*** | 2.46*** | 2.49*** | 2.10*** | 1.96–3.17 | 1.68–2.63 | |
| Mobility and IADL | 5.54*** | 7.81*** | 5.03*** | 6.32*** | 3.52*** | 4.64*** | 2.07–5.99 | 3.18–6.78 | |
| Mobility and ADL | 7.23*** | 4.47*** | 6.21*** | 3.89*** | 4.78*** | 3.00*** | 3.31–6.90 | 2.10–4.28 | |
| All three | 22.30*** | 16.20*** | 19.68*** | 14.63*** | 13.38*** | 8.96*** | 9.00–19.91 | 6.51–12.33 | |
| Unweighted N | 1,527 | 1,756 | 1,527 | 1,756 | 1,527 | 1,756 | |||
| Pseudo R2 | .08 | .07 | .10 | .09 | .10 | .10 | |||
| Model 3 | |||||||||
| HRS (USA) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |||||
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | ||
| Disability | |||||||||
| At Time 1 (Ref.: no disability) | |||||||||
| Mobility only | 3.60*** | 5.46*** | 3.29*** | 4.98*** | 2.91*** | 4.56*** | 2.24–3.78 | 3.77–5.53 | |
| Mobility and IADL | 11.97*** | 30.94*** | 10.08*** | 22.99*** | 6.53*** | 16.22*** | 4.22–10.11 | 11.93–22.06 | |
| Mobility and ADL | 7.02*** | 14.56*** | 6.21*** | 13.09*** | 4.99*** | 10.91*** | 3.46–7.20 | 8.42–14.13 | |
| All three | 20.57*** | 52.47*** | 16.60*** | 42.02*** | 8.73*** | 25.78*** | 5.96–12.86 | 19.75–33.64 | |
| Unweighted N | 1,310 | 3,199 | 1,310 | 3,199 | 1,310 | 3,199 | |||
| Pseudo R2 | .09 | .13 | .11 | .15 | .12 | .15 | |||
Notes: ADL = activities of daily living; CI = confidence interval; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living.
Unweighted results. Model 1 controls only for disability at Time 1. Model 2 controls for the variables on Model 1 plus age, level of urbanicity, social support, educational attainment, monthly income, and insurance. Model 3 controls for the variables on Model 2 plus poor self-rated health, number of depressive symptoms, and the average combined verbal recall score. Confidence intervals are only presented for the full model (Model 3) due to space purposes.
*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01. ***p ≤ .001.
Source: Author’s calculations with data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (2001, 2003) and from the Health and Retirement Study (2003, 2006).