Table 2.
Maternal diet of study participants (n=67 565) according to gluten intake. Data are mean (standard deviation)
|
|
All participants (n=67 565) |
Gluten intake by percentile (g/day; median (range))* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <10% (5 (0-7)) | 10-20% (8 (7-9)) | 20-50% (11 (9-13)) | 50-80% (14 (13-17)) | 50-80% (18 (17-20)) | ≥90% (22 (20-66)) | ||
| Total energy intake (mJ/day) | 10.1 (0.3) | 7.2 (0.2) | 8.2 (0.2) | 9.2 (0.2) | 10.7 (0.2) | 11.9 (0.2) | 13.6 (0.3) |
| Protein (E%) | 15.7 (2.4) | 16.7 (3.0) | 16.4 (2.6) | 16.0 (2.3) | 15.5 (2.3) | 15.0 (2.2) | 14.6 (2.2) |
| Carbohydrate (E%) | 51.4 (5.8) | 50.9 (7.1) | 51.5 (5.9) | 51.4 (5.6) | 51.4 (5.5) | 51.4 (5.4) | 51.5 (5.7) |
| Sugar (E%) | 8.2 (4.7) | 10.2 (6.3) | 8.8 (5.2) | 8.4 (4.7) | 7.8 (4.3) | 7.4 (4.0) | 7.1 (3.8) |
| Fibre (E%) | 2.2 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.5) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.5) |
| Fat (E%) | 31.4 (6.3) | 31.1 (7.1) | 30.5 (6.2) | 31.0 (6.0) | 31.5 (6.2) | 31.9 (6.4) | 32.3 (6.8) |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (E%) | 9.9 (2.2) | 10.0 (2.5) | 9.7 (2.1) | 9.8 (2.1) | 9.9 (2.2) | 10.0 (2.2) | 10.0 (2.4) |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (E%) | 4.6 (0.9) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.6 (0.9) | 4.7 (0.8) | 4.9 (0.9) | 4.9 (0.9) |
| Saturated fatty acids (E%) | 12.8 (3.5) | 13.1 (3.7) | 12.6 (3.4) | 12.7 (3.3) | 12.8 (3.4) | 12.9 (3.5) | 13.1 (3.7) |
| Whole grain (g/day) | 156 (108) | 41 (29) | 126 (70) | 146 (40) | 226 (106) | 246 (101) | 326 (155) |
| Refined grain (g/day) | 67 (69) | 46 (26) | 49 (31) | 63 (35) | 78 (76) | 102 (91) | 138 (109) |
| Breakfast cereals (g/day) | 25 (45) | 25 (42) | 30 (46) | 26 (45) | 24 (43) | 16 (43) | 13 (39) |
E%=percentage of total energy intake.
*
All dietary variables presented in the table were significantly correlated (all P<0.001), as measured by Spearman’s r.