Table 3.

Association between maternal gluten intake and offspring type 1 diabetes (n=67 565)

Maternal gluten intake, by percentile*	No (%) of cases of type 1 diabetes in offspring/total	Hazard ratio (95% CI) of type 1 diabetes diagnosis in offspring
		Unadjusted model	Adjusted model 1	Adjusted model 2
Continuous intake, per 10 g/day increase	—	1.28 (1.03 to 1.58)	1.31 (1.002 to 1.72)	1.31 (1.001 to 1.72)
10%	20 (0.30)/6761	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
10-20%	20 (0.30)/6769	0.99 (0.53 to 1.84)	1.07 (0.57 to 1.99)	1.06 (0.57 to 1.99)
20-50%	69 (0.34)/20 289	1.13 (0.69 to 1.86)	1.32 (0.75 to 2.30)	1.31 (0.75 to 2.30)
50-80%	73 (0.36)/20 268	1.19 (0.73 to 1.96)	1.46 (0.82 to 2.61)	1.46 (0.82 to 2.60)
80-90%	30 (0.44)/6750	1.47 (0.84 to 2.59)	1.82 (0.93 to 3.53)	1.81 (0.93 to 3.53)
≥90%	35 (0.52)/6728	1.72 (0.99 to 2.97)	2.03 (1.02 to 4.01)	2.00 (1.02 to 4.00)
Ptrend	—	0.013	0.016	0.016

Adjusted model 1=adjusted for maternal body mass index before pregnancy, age, parity, smoking status, parental socioeconomic status, total energy intake, breastfeeding duration, caesarean section, and offspring sex; adjusted model 2=same as model 1 but also adjusted for pre-existing maternal type 2 diabetes and suspected gestational diabetes mellitus.

^*Median intake of gluten in the <10%, 10-20%, 20-50%, 50-80%, and ≥90% percentile categories were 5, 8, 11, 15, 18, and 22 g/day, respectively.