Table 3.

Association between water quality (safe vs. unsafe)† and L:M test results in unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models‡

	Unadjusted linear regression model	Adjusted linear regression model
Ln L:M ratio	−0.23 (−0.47, 0.00)*	−0.22 (−0.44, 0.00)*
Urinary lactulose, % dose excreted	−0.09 (−0.16, −0.02)*	−0.08 (−0.14, −0.01)*
Urinary mannitol, % dose excreted	−0.26 (−1.13, 0.60)	−0.09 (−1.05, 0.87)
LMER	−0.02 (−0.04. 0.003)	−0.02 (−0.04, 0.01)

L:M = lactulose:mannitol; LMER = L:M excretion ratio. Cells present β coefficient and 95% confidence interval, * P-value < 0.05.

† Safe water is defined as the lack of the presence of Escherichia coli contamination according to the results of a compartment bag test. Unsafe water is defined as any E. coli contamination detected.

‡ Unadjusted and adjusted regression models adjusted for subcounty clustering. Adjusted regression model controls for gender of child, gender of household head, mother’s height, caregiver education level, family size, and asset score.