Table 2.
Study design and participant demographics
| Study (first author) | No. of subjects | Age, years Mean (SD) |
Gender % Female |
Education, years Mean (SD) |
% Type MS (RR/SP/PP/PR/CIS) | Disease duration Mean (SD) |
EDDS Mean (SD) |
SDMT | CVLT-II | BVMT-R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Costers [40] | ||||||||||
| MS | 97 | 45.42 (9.24) | 70% | 14.28 (1.86) | 84/12/4/0/0 | 12.97 (7.16) | 3.50 (2.50) | 52.1 (13.1) | 60.1 (12.9) | 25.4 (29) |
| HC | 97 | 43.52 (12.69) | 77% | 14.69 (1.61) | – | – | – | 61 (10.2) | 61.3 (60) | 28.2 (5.1) |
| Dusankova [36] | ||||||||||
| MS | 369 | 34 (10) | 68% | 14 [3] | 68/26/3/3/0 | 8 (7) | 3 (1.5) | 50 (13) | 60 (8) | 23 (7) |
| HC | 134 | 34 (9) | 71% | 14 (2.5) | – | – | – | 65 (9) | 52 (11) | 29 (4) |
| Eshaghi [41] | ||||||||||
| MS | 156 | 34.05 (9.09) | 71% | 14.13 (2.97) | 80/20/0/0/0 | 6.07 (5.08) | 2.5a (7.5)a | 43.93 (16.55) | 49.23 (10.39) | 20.88 (7.65) |
| HC | 90 | 33.65 (9.48) | 63% | 14.27 (3.56) | – | – | – | 55.58 (16.48) | 55.31 (8.46) | 25.01 (7.38) |
| Giedraitienė [42] | ||||||||||
| MS | 50 | 38.8 (10.2) | 32% | 15.9 (2.8) | 88/6/2/0/4 | 11.7 (9.2) | 3.3 (1.3) | 42.7 (13.9) | 55.9 (10) | 23.1 (7) |
| HC | 20 | 36.7 (16.4) | 10% | 17.5 (3.5) | – | – | – | 57.7 (11.5) | 65.7 (5.9) | 29.6 (4.1) |
| Goretti [43] | ||||||||||
| MS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| HC | 23 and 243 | 38.9 (13) and 38.2 (13.1) |
66% 65% |
14.9 (3) | – | – | – | 56.3 (11.3) |
56.3 (9) |
27.9 (6.1) |
| Niccolai [44] | ||||||||||
| MS | 192 | 41.4 (10.8) | 74% | 12.3 (3.5) | 100/0/0/0/0 |
12.7 (1.7) |
2.7 (1.7) |
46.4 (12.8) | 49.9 (12.1) |
23.7 (8) |
| HC | 200 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 56.3 (11.3) |
56.3 (9) |
27.9 (6.1) |
| Niino [45] | ||||||||||
| MS | 156 | 41.4 (9.3) | 69% | 14.1 (1.9) | 88/11/1/0/0 |
2.4 (2.0) |
47.9 (14) | 48.6 (12.6) | 23.5 (8.4) | |
| HC | 126 | 39.3 (11.9) | 72% | 14.3 (1.6) | – | – | – |
61 (9.5) |
55.7 (10.5) | 28.3 (5.4) |
| O’Connell [46] | ||||||||||
| MS | 67 | 43.9 (12.1) | 73% |
13.6 (2.7) |
70/28/2/0/0 |
10.2 (8.4) |
1.8 (0.9) |
46 (12.9) | 45.3 (10.2) | 17.9 (7.1) |
| HC | 66 | 42.7 (12.8) | 68% |
14.1 (3.1) |
– | – | – | 56.1 (10.6) | 53.6 (9.1) | 20.9 (6.5) |
| Ozakbas [47] | ||||||||||
| MS | 173 | 37.5 (10.7) | 71% |
13.9 (7.3) |
151/18/4/0/0 |
9.2 6.1) |
2.4 (1.7) |
43.2 (12.5) | 45.7 (11.3) | 16.9 (8.5) |
| HC | 153 | 36.9 (8.9) | 71% |
15.4 (8.8) |
– | – | – | 53.5 (9.5) | 53.9 (7.7) | 22.5 (9.2) |
| Polychroniadou [48] | ||||||||||
| MS | 44 | 40.2 (9.9) | 61% |
14.1 (4.8) |
77/12/9/0/2 | RR 9.6 (3.7); SP 7.5 (3.7); PP 6.0 (2.6); CIS 1.6 (0.5) | – | 45 (17.2) | 55.5 (12.3) | 18.5 (8.3) |
| HC | 79 | 36.2 (10.6) | 61% |
15.4 (5.5) |
– | – | – | 61.4 (13.1) | 60.5 (10.7) | 22.1 (6.5) |
| Sandi [49] | ||||||||||
| MS | 65 | 41.9 (8.9) | 75% |
n = 31 < 12 years; n = 34 ≥ 13 years |
100/0/0/0/0 |
11.1 (7.6) |
2.5 (1.8) |
55.62 (15.48) | 55.37 (10.71) | 22.54 (8.54) |
| HC | 65 | 40.9 (11.8) | 75% |
n = 31 < 12 years; n = 34 ≥ 13 years |
– | – | – | 66.82 (12.44) | 59.03 (8.29) | 26.68 (5.56) |
| Spedo [50] | ||||||||||
| MS | 58 | 41.2 (12.2) | 69% | 12.7 (5.2) | 100/0/0/0/0 |
8.3 (6.6) |
2.2 (2) |
35.9 (16.1) | 42.1 (12.4) | 19.9 (8.6) |
| HC | 58 | 40.3 (11.9) | 55% | 12.5 (3.6) | – | – | – | 47 (13) | 53.4 (10.8) | 23.8 (7.7) |
| Strober [10] | ||||||||||
| MS | 65 |
45 (9.9) |
80% | 14 (2.4) | 72/22/3/1.5/1.5 |
10.2 (7.6) |
3.3 (1.7) (n = 54) |
48.4 (10.1) | 48.1 (9.8) | 26.2 (5.8) |
| HC | 46 | 45.2 (9.9) | 85% |
15 (1.8) |
– | – | – | 62.1 (10.7) | 56.7 (8.1) | 21.1 (6.4) |
| Vanotti [51] | ||||||||||
| MS | 50 | 43.42 (10.17) | 74% | 14.86 (2.78) | 78/18/4/0/0 | 13.06 (9.08) | 3.29 (2.55) | 45.14 (16.07) | 50.92 (12.37) | 20.7 (7.74) |
| HC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vanotti [52] | ||||||||||
| MS | 50 | 43.42 (10.17) | 74% |
14.86 (2.78) |
78/18/4/0/0 | 13.06 (9.08) | 3.29 (2.55) | 45.14 (16.07) | 50.92 (12.37) | 20.7 (7.74) |
| HC | 100 | 42.37 (10.07) | 75% |
14.94 (2.49) |
– | – | – | 56.71 (10.85) | 60.88 (10.46) | 23.44 (5.84) |
| Walker [53] | ||||||||||
| MS | 57 | 45.44 (9.93) | 72% |
15.44 (2.68) |
77/16/7/0/0 | 10.11 (7.72) | 2.70 (1.85) | 49.65 (10.78) | 51.63 (10.05) | 24.6 (6.54) |
| HC | 51 | 41.92 (10.78) | 86% |
16.31 (2.11) |
– | – | – | 59.11 (8.46) | 57.72 (7.97) | 29.8 (3.63) |
aMedian and (range)