Table 2.
Characteristics of the NU-AGE participants by country of origin (N = 1,121).
| Characteristics | Italy | Poland | United Kingdom | France | Netherlands | p-value | q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 236 | n = 222 | n = 246 | n = 184 | n = 233 | |||
| Age (years) | 71.7 ± 3.8 | 71.3 ± 3.8 | 70.1 ± 3.9 | 70.1 ± 3.8 | 71.0 ± 4.1 | 1.31e-06 | 5.33e-06 |
| Female sex | 119 (50.4) | 127 (57.2) | 154 (62.6) | 91 (49.5) | 129(55.1) | 3.35e-02 | NS |
| Weight (kg) | 72.7 ± 12.7 | 75.7 ± 14.5 | 73.5 ± 13.5 | 70.0 ± 12.7 | 74.7 ± 13.4 | 1.65e-03 | 4.34e-03 |
| Height (cm) | 163.9 ± 9.4 | 163.9 ± 9.3 | 166.0 ± 9.0 | 166.0 ± 9.0 | 169.2 ± 8.2 | 8.59e-10 | 2.86e-09 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 ± 3.8 | 28.0 ± 4.1 | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 26.0 ± 3.6 | 1.45e-11 | 1.05e-10 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.8 ± 11.4 | 93.3 ± 11.8 | 91.4 ± 12.0 | 86.3 ± 11.4 | 91.6 ± 11.9 | 1.98e-08 | 1.03e-07 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.4 ± 7.4 | 103.6 ± 8.7 | 104.7 ± 9.1 | 99.1 ± 8.5 | 103.2 ± 7.9 | 2.45e-12 | 1.10e-11 |
| Waist to hip circumference ratio | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 4.75e-09 | |
| Education | |||||||
| Primary school N, (%) | 25 (10.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (2.2) | 7 (3.0) | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| Low secondary school N, (%) | 61 (25.9) | 8 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 46 (25.0) | 28 (12.0) | ||
| Up secondary school N, (%) | 94 (39.8) | 41 (18.5) | 88 (35.8) | 60 (32.6) | 149 (64.0) | ||
| College N, (%) | 56 (23.7) | 172 (77.5) | 157 (63.8) | 74 (40.2) | 49 (21.0) | ||
| Education (years) | 11.2 ± 4.2 | 15.4 ± 2.7 | 11.8 ± 1.7 | 12.5 ± 3.7 | 12.3 ± 3.7 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| Diet assessment | |||||||
| Adherence to NU-AGE diet | 52.8 ± 9.5 | 52.7 ± 10.1 | 50.5 ± 8.8 | 55.9 ± 9.1 | 46.3 ± 9.8 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| Calorie Intake (kcal) | 1733 ± 376 | 1850 ± 518 | 1903 ± 389 | 2024 ± 482 | 1912 ± 405 | 1.60e-09 | 9.62e-09 |
| Physical functioning | |||||||
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 31.1 ± 9.7 | 30.4 ± 9.9 | 34.8 ± 9.1 | 31.1 ± 8.8 | 30.5 ± 9.3 | 3.53e-07 | 1.52e-06 |
| Women | 23.5 ± 5.3 | 23.7 ± 4.6 | 29.7 ± 5.4 | 23.9 ± 4.1 | 23.8 ± 4.8 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| Men | 38.9 ± 6.6 | 39.3 ± 7.7 | 43.4 ± 7.3 | 38.2 ± 5.8 | 38.6 ± 6.6 | 1.00e-05 | 3.56e-05 |
| PASE score | 114.5 ± 50.9 | 131.7 ± 63.6 | 151.2 ± 53.0 | 134.9 ± 50.6 | 137.2 ± 52.6 | 2.52e-13 | 2.31e-12 |
| Body composition parameters | |||||||
| FM (kg) | 26.2 ± 7.4 | 28.0 ± 9.1 | 23.3 ± 7.9 | 20.4 ± 7.4 | 23.2 ± 8.5 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 9.9 ± 3.0 | 10.5 ± 3.5 | 8.5 ± 3.1 | 7.5 ± 2.9 | 8.2 ± 3.1 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| FM/LM | 0.60 ± 0.19 | 0.64 ± 0.24 | 0.50 ± 0.18 | 0.42 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.20 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| LM (kg) | 45.0 ± 8.7 | 45.6 ± 10.3 | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 50.8 ± 10.6 | 49.2 ± 9.9 | 7.45e-11 | 4.96e-10 |
| LMI (kg/m2) | 16.6 ± 2.0 | 16.7 ± 2.3 | 17.6 ± 2.5 | 18.3 ± 2.3 | 17.0 ± 2.2 | 1.68e-12 | 1.39e-11 |
| ALMI (kg/m2) | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.2 | 3.79e-09 | 2.13e-08 |
| SMI | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| tbT-score | –0.69 ± 1.15 | –0.19 ± 1.25 | –0.92 ± 1.23 | –0.58 ± 1.23 | –0.29 ± 1.21 | 3.90e-12 | 3.17e-11 |
| tbBMC (g) | 2463 ± 597 | 2610 ± 615 | 2233 ± 494 | 2327 ± 489 | 2729 ± 621 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| tbBMD (g/cm2) | 1.07 ± 0.15 | 1.15 ± 0.12 | 1.06 ± 0.13 | 1.11 ± 0.12 | 1.14 ± 0.12 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| Android/Gynoid FM∗ | 0.65 ± 0.22 | 0.63 ± 0.21 | – | 0.54 ± 0.20 | 0.67 ± 0.24 | 9.06e-08 | 4.25e-07 |
| Android FM/LM∗ | 0.77 ± 0.28 | 0.85 ± 0.28 | – | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.70 ± 0.25 | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| L1-L4 T-scoreΔ | –0.84 ± 1.38 | –0.36 ± 1.78 | –0.63 ± 1.53 | – | – | 4.14e-02 | NS |
| L1-L4 BMD (g/cm2)Δ | 1.10 ± 0.17 | 1.15 ± 0.22 | 0.97 ± 0.18 | – | – | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
| fnT-scoreΔ | –1.39 ± 0.95 | –1.19 ± 0.92 | –1.12 ± 0.96 | – | – | 2.92e-02 | NS |
| fnBMD (g/cm2)Δ | 0.85 ± 0.13 | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 0.75 ± 0.12 | – | – | <2.2e-16 | <2.2e-16 |
Anthropometric, education, diet, physical and body composition parameters are described in Italy, Poland, United Kingdom, France, and Netherlands.
BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; FMI, fat mass index; LM, lean mass; LMI, non-bone lean mass index; ALMI, non-bone appendicular lean mass index; SMI, skeletal mass index; tbBMC, total body bone mineral content; tbBMD, total body bone mineral density; tbT-score, total body T-score; L1-L4 BMD, spinal BMD; L1-L4 T-score, spinal T-score; fnBMD, femoral neck bone mineral density fnT-score, femoral neck T-score; Values are means ± SDs, unless otherwise stated. NS, not statistically significant.∗ (N = 875); Δ (N = 704); p-value (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests); q-value (Benjamini–Hochberg multiple testing correction).