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. 2018 Dec 6;18:184. doi: 10.1186/s12871-018-0649-7

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Analysis of ventricular-arterial coupling in the pressure-volume plane. A pressure-volume loop is shown along with the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (black dashed line). The unfilled “A” area represents stroke work; the blue “B” area represents potential energy. EES is the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship. EA (blue dashed line) is plotted on top of the pressure-volume loop. V0 is the volume-axis intercept of the end-systolic pressure- volume relationship, representing the LV volume at zero intracavitary pressure. The pressure-volume area (PVA) is the sum of potential energy and stroke (i.e., external) work. The PVA represents the total mechanical energy generated by LV contraction until the end of systole