Figure 8.

Moment arm trends of muscles spanning the glenohumeral joint during axial rotation with the humerus in the neutral position. Positive joint angles indicate external rotation, while negative angles represent internal rotation. A muscle with a positive moment arm externally rotates the humerus, while a muscle with a negative moment arm internally rotates the humerus. Moment arm units are millimetres. An asterisk indicates moment arm data that were averaged across two or more muscle sub‐regions.