Table 1.

Details of studies included in the present review where applicable, including author, sample size, gender ratio, mean age and range, moment arm measurement method used (tendon excursion method or geometric method), study type (in vitro or in vivo) and study quality rating based on the checklist of Downs & Black (1998)

Author	Sample size (n)	Gender ratio (male : female)	Age (range)	Measurement method	Study type	Quality rating
Ackland et al. (2008)	8	4 : 04	87 (81–98)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	11
Adams et al. (2007)	1			Tendon excursion	In vitro	6
De Wilde et al. (2002)	65			Geometric	In vitro	9
Garner & Pandy (2001)	1	1 : 00	25	Geometric	In vitro	7
Graichen et al. (2001)	10	4 : 06	(22–34)	Geometric	In vivo	11
Greiner et al. (2013)	7		74 (61–82)	Geometric	In vitro	11
Hamilton et al. (2013)	1			Geometric	In vitro	5
Hamilton et al. (2015)	1			Geometric	In vitro	7
Herrmann et al. (2011)	7		77 (63–84)	Geometric	In vitro	8
Howell et al. (1986)	10	10 : 00		Geometric	In vivo	8
Hughes et al. (1998)	10	5 : 05	(40–89)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	12
Kuechle et al. (1997)	12		59 (33–80)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	10
Kuechle et al. (2000)	12		59 (33–80)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	8
Liu et al. (1997)	10	4 : 05	67 (40–89)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	11
Liu et al. (1998)	10	4 : 05	67 (40–89)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	11
Nakajima et al. (1999)	10	4 : 05	67 (40–89)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	11
Otis et al. (1994)	10		(70–80)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	7
Poppen & Walker (1978)	37			Geometric	In vivo	8
Schwartz et al. (2013)	8	6 : 02	(46–68)	Tendon excursion	In vitro	9
Walker et al. (2016)	12			Geometric	In vivo	9