Table 2.

Average muscle maximum moment arms and standard error values for shoulder muscles calculated across all relevant studies for coronal plane abduction, scapular plane abduction, flexion and axial rotation

	Coronal plane abduction		Scapular plane abduction		Flexion		Axial rotation
	Moment arm	SE	Moment arm	SE	Moment arm	SE	Moment arm	SE
Anterior deltoid	36.2	8.0	33.9	5.0	35.5	3.3	−22.2	6.2
Middle deltoid	26.8	1.7	33.4	1.5	21.5	4.8	−14.6	12.6
Posterior deltoid	14.5	6.2	−16.9	4.8	−36.4	10.5	−7.3	1.3
Pectoralis major	−44.0	11.1	35.1	4.9	21.1	0.9	20.0
Latissimus dorsi	−37.3	1.7	−35.6	8.4	−26.8	13.2	9.0
Teres major	−47.6	1.5	−51.7	4.4	−51.7	2.7	7.5
Supraspinatus	28.2	1.6	26.4	1.3	27.1	15.6	−4.0
Infraspinatus	15.6	3.4	11.2	2.4	7.1	4.1	24.5	0.9
Subscapularis	−8.1	2.3	9.7	0.8	9.5	4.7	−20.6	2.8
Teres minor	6.4	2.6	8.5	6.5	−14.8	1.8	20.9	1.6

Axial rotation data are provided for humerus in its neutral position. All data are given in mm.