Figure 2.

Cytokine levels in plasma from a fatal case of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, Anzio, Italy, 2017. Levels of circulating interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined in plasma samples from the lethal CHIKV infection (black bars) and in 4 nonlethal (gray bars) cases diagnosed during the 2017 outbreak in Lazio, sampled during the very early infection stages (within 3 days of symptom onset). White dots indicate the corresponding CHIKV RNA levels expressed as Ct values, determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.