Table 3.
Factors associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infections by children of HIV-infected women identified by multilevel multivariate logistics regression models.
| Model 1a |
Model 2b |
Model 3c |
Model 4d |
Model 5e |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | |
| Fixed-effect | |||||
| Individual-effect factors | |||||
| Male (vs female) | 1.23 (0.95 −1.58) | 1.22 (0.94 – 1.57) | |||
| Mother’s age(in years) | |||||
| 35–49 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| 25–34 | 1.18 (0.86 – 1.58) | 1.19 (0.86 – 1.59) | |||
| 15–24 | 1.11 (0.76 – 1.54) | 1.11 (0.75 – 1.58) | |||
| Wealth index | |||||
| Richer | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Middle | 1.10 (0.78 – 1.50) | 1.00 (0.67 – 1.40) | |||
| Poorer | 1.04 (0.71 – 1.48) | 0.94 (0.56 – 1.43) | |||
| Education | |||||
| Secondary+ | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Primary | 0.84 (0.62– 1.11) | 0.83 (0.61 – 1.11) | |||
| No education | 1.55 (0.95 – 2.37) | 1.52 (0.88 – 2.43) | |||
| Not employment | 1.02 (0.77 – 1.35) | 0.84 (0.60 – 1.15) | |||
| Access to media | 1.02 (0.88 – 1.18) | 1.01 (0.88 – 1.19) | |||
| Community-level factors | |||||
| Rural (vs urban) | 1.26 (0.88 – 1.77) | 1.35 (0.91 – 2.00) | |||
| High (vs low) poverty rate | 0.98 (0.87 – 1.10) | 0.99 (0.87 – 1.12) | |||
| High (vs low) unemployment rate | 1.15 (1.05 – 1.26)* | 1.17 (1.05 – 1.30)* | |||
| High (vs low) illiteracy rate | 1.01 (0.93 – 1.10) | 0.98 (0.89 – 1.08) | |||
| Country-level factors | |||||
| Middle (vs low) GDP | 1.16 (0.40 – 2.52) | 1.15 (0.36 – 2.90) | |||
| High (vs low) Adult literacy rate | 0.68 (0.27 – 1.37) | 0.64 (0.21 – 1.44) | |||
| Average (vs low) Health expenditure | 1.06 (0.28 – 3.11) | 1.23 (0.24 – 3.19) | |||
| Random effects | |||||
| Country-level | |||||
| Variance (95 Crl) | 0.763 (0.359 – 1.514) | 0.734 (0.341 – 1.460) | 0.788 (0.359 – 1.578) | 0.830 (0.363 – 1.691) | 0.871 (0.378 – 1.792) |
| ICC (%) | 18.81 | 18.21 | 19.27 | 20.13 | 20.92 |
| MOR ((%, 95% Crl) | 2.29 | 2.26 | 2.32 | 2.38 | 2.43 |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | 3.7 | −3.3 | −8.8 | −14.2 |
| Community-level | |||||
| Variance (95 Crl) | 0.002 (0.001 – 0.006) | 0.008 (0.002 – 0.017) | 0.012 (0.001–0.416) | 0.001 (0.000 – 0.004) | 0.003 (0.001 – 0.009) |
| ICC (%) | 18.85 | 18.42 | 19.56 | 20.16 | 21.00 |
| MOR ((%, 95% Crl) | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.05 |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | −380.2 | −566.0 | 26.6 | −79.4 |
| Model fit statistics | |||||
| DIC | 1550 | 1529 | 1548 | 1551 | 1556 |
ICC – intra-cluster correlation; MOR – median odds ratio; OR- odds ratio; CrI – credible interval.
aModel 1 is null model, baseline model without any determinant variable. bModel 2 is additionally adjusted for individual-level factors.
cModel 3 is additionally adjusted for community-level factors. dModel 4 is additionally adjusted for country-level factors.
eModel 5 is additionally adjusted for individual-, community-, and country-level factors