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. 2018 Sep 27;14(10):2382–2390. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1516490

Table 4.

Factors associated with episodes of diarrhoea by children of HIV-infected women identified by multilevel multivariate logistics regression models.

  Model 1a
Model 2b
Model 3c
Model 4d
Model 5e
  OR (95% Crl) OR (95% Crl) OR (95% Crl) OR (95% Crl) OR (95% Crl)
Fixed-effect          
Individual-effect factors          
Male (vs female)   1.00 (0.83 −1.20)     1.01 (0.83 – 1.22)
Mother’s age (in years)          
 35–49   1 (reference)     1 (reference)
 25–34   1.52 (1.15 – 1.95)*     1.58 (1.23 – 2.02)*
 15–24   2.13 (1.57 – 2.80)*     2.22 (1.66 – 2.93)*
Wealth index          
 Richer   1 (reference)     1 (reference)
 Middle   1.05 (0.80 – 1.32)     1.04 (0.77 – 1.38)
 Poorer   1.20 (0.90 – 1.58)     1.17 (0.82 – 1.66)
Education          
 Secondary+   1 (reference)     1 (reference)
 Primary   1.24 (0.98 – 1.57)     1.27 (0.98 – 1.57)
 No education   0.94 (0.63 – 1.32)     0.90 (0.58 – 1.28)
Not employment   0.82 (0.66 – 1.00)     0.82 (0.65 – 1.03)
Access to media   0.97 (0.87 – 1.08)     1.00 (0.88 – 1.11)
Community-level factors          
Rural (vs urban)     0.96 (0.73 – 1.24)   0.96 (0.69 – 1.29)
High (vs low) poverty rate     1.05 (0.96 – 1.15)   1.02 (0.92 – 1.14)
High (vs low) unemployment rate     0.98 (0.91 – 1.06)   1.00 (0.93 – 1.09)
High (vs low) illiteracy rate     1.04 (0.97 – 1.13)   1.06 (0.98 – 1.15)
Country-level factors          
Middle (vs low) GDP       0.91 (0.61 – 1.35) 0.89 (0.44 – 1.69)
High (vs low) Adult literacy rate       1.29 (0.86 – 1.92) 1.32 (0.62 – 2.58)
Average (vs low) Health expenditure       0.68 (0.42 – 1.08) 0.69 (0.34 – 1.27)
Random effects          
Country-level          
Variance (95 Crl) 0.223 (0.058 – 0.532) 0.241 (0.072 – 0.566) 0.229 (0.056 – 0.556) 0.083 (−0.010– 0.178) 0.253 (0.039 – 0.673)
ICC (%) 5.23 5.57 2.16 5.37 5.63
MOR ((%, 95% Crl) 1.57 1.59 1.32 1.58 1.61
Explained variation (%) Reference −8.3 62.4 −4.4 −13.5
Community-level          
Variance (95 Crl) 0.744 (0.302 – 1.273) 0.801 (0.437 – 0.122) 0.846 (0.510–1.246) 0.501 (0.251– 0.751) 0.947 (0.494 – 1.432)
ICC (%) 22.71 24.06 15.09 24.03 26.73
MOR ((%, 95% Crl) 2.27 2.34 1.96 2.35 2.52
Explained variation (%) Reference −7.7 32.7 −8.6 −27.3
Model fit statistics          
DIC 3501 3534 3494 3495 3470

ICC – intra-cluster correlation; MOR – median odds ratio; OR- odds ratio; CrI – credible interval.

aModel 1 is null model, baseline model without any determinant variable. bModel 2 is additionally adjusted for individual-level factors. cModel 3 is additionally adjusted for community-level factors. dModel 4 is additionally adjusted for country-level factors.

eModel 5 is additionally adjusted for individual-, community-, and country-level factors