Table 4.
Factors associated with episodes of diarrhoea by children of HIV-infected women identified by multilevel multivariate logistics regression models.
| Model 1a |
Model 2b |
Model 3c |
Model 4d |
Model 5e |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | OR (95% Crl) | |
| Fixed-effect | |||||
| Individual-effect factors | |||||
| Male (vs female) | 1.00 (0.83 −1.20) | 1.01 (0.83 – 1.22) | |||
| Mother’s age (in years) | |||||
| 35–49 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| 25–34 | 1.52 (1.15 – 1.95)* | 1.58 (1.23 – 2.02)* | |||
| 15–24 | 2.13 (1.57 – 2.80)* | 2.22 (1.66 – 2.93)* | |||
| Wealth index | |||||
| Richer | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Middle | 1.05 (0.80 – 1.32) | 1.04 (0.77 – 1.38) | |||
| Poorer | 1.20 (0.90 – 1.58) | 1.17 (0.82 – 1.66) | |||
| Education | |||||
| Secondary+ | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
| Primary | 1.24 (0.98 – 1.57) | 1.27 (0.98 – 1.57) | |||
| No education | 0.94 (0.63 – 1.32) | 0.90 (0.58 – 1.28) | |||
| Not employment | 0.82 (0.66 – 1.00) | 0.82 (0.65 – 1.03) | |||
| Access to media | 0.97 (0.87 – 1.08) | 1.00 (0.88 – 1.11) | |||
| Community-level factors | |||||
| Rural (vs urban) | 0.96 (0.73 – 1.24) | 0.96 (0.69 – 1.29) | |||
| High (vs low) poverty rate | 1.05 (0.96 – 1.15) | 1.02 (0.92 – 1.14) | |||
| High (vs low) unemployment rate | 0.98 (0.91 – 1.06) | 1.00 (0.93 – 1.09) | |||
| High (vs low) illiteracy rate | 1.04 (0.97 – 1.13) | 1.06 (0.98 – 1.15) | |||
| Country-level factors | |||||
| Middle (vs low) GDP | 0.91 (0.61 – 1.35) | 0.89 (0.44 – 1.69) | |||
| High (vs low) Adult literacy rate | 1.29 (0.86 – 1.92) | 1.32 (0.62 – 2.58) | |||
| Average (vs low) Health expenditure | 0.68 (0.42 – 1.08) | 0.69 (0.34 – 1.27) | |||
| Random effects | |||||
| Country-level | |||||
| Variance (95 Crl) | 0.223 (0.058 – 0.532) | 0.241 (0.072 – 0.566) | 0.229 (0.056 – 0.556) | 0.083 (−0.010– 0.178) | 0.253 (0.039 – 0.673) |
| ICC (%) | 5.23 | 5.57 | 2.16 | 5.37 | 5.63 |
| MOR ((%, 95% Crl) | 1.57 | 1.59 | 1.32 | 1.58 | 1.61 |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | −8.3 | 62.4 | −4.4 | −13.5 |
| Community-level | |||||
| Variance (95 Crl) | 0.744 (0.302 – 1.273) | 0.801 (0.437 – 0.122) | 0.846 (0.510–1.246) | 0.501 (0.251– 0.751) | 0.947 (0.494 – 1.432) |
| ICC (%) | 22.71 | 24.06 | 15.09 | 24.03 | 26.73 |
| MOR ((%, 95% Crl) | 2.27 | 2.34 | 1.96 | 2.35 | 2.52 |
| Explained variation (%) | Reference | −7.7 | 32.7 | −8.6 | −27.3 |
| Model fit statistics | |||||
| DIC | 3501 | 3534 | 3494 | 3495 | 3470 |
ICC – intra-cluster correlation; MOR – median odds ratio; OR- odds ratio; CrI – credible interval.
aModel 1 is null model, baseline model without any determinant variable. bModel 2 is additionally adjusted for individual-level factors. cModel 3 is additionally adjusted for community-level factors. dModel 4 is additionally adjusted for country-level factors.
eModel 5 is additionally adjusted for individual-, community-, and country-level factors