Table 4.

Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression analysis results (for diarrhoea).

						Univariate meta-regression
Characteristics	No of studies	Subgroup odds ratio	95% CI	I-squared	P-value*	#β (p-value)*	95% CI
Year of survey						0.95 (0.009)	0.91,0.99
2003–2007	2	0.98	0.61, 1.57	85.2	0.000
2008–2012	10	0.97	0.87, 1.09	70.0	0.000
2013–2016	15	0.72	0.61, 0.85	90.1	0.000
Gross domestic product per capita (US$)						0.98 (0.862)	0.75, 1.28
Low	18	0.84	0.73, 0.95	87.8	0.000
Middle	9	0.83	0.67, 0.99	88.1	0.000
Human development index						1.01 (0.950)	0.74, 1.37
Low	21	0.83	0.73, 0.93	87.6	0.000
Medium	6	0.83	0.62, 1.09	90.7	0.000
Adult literacy rate						1.00 (0.273)	0.99, 1.00
Low	11	0.95	0.85, 1.06	77.4	0.000
Average	9	0.70	0.54, 0.90	86.8	0.000
High	7	0.80	0.64, 1.02	92.4	0.000
Households using an improved water source						1.12 (0.356)	0.87, 1.44
Low	12	0.77	0.65, 0.92	87.1	0.000
Medium	15	0.87	0.76, 1.00	88.8	0.000
Households with improved, non-shared toilet facilities						0.85 (0.195)	0.67, 1.09
Low	14	0.90	0.80, 1.02	82.9	0.000
Medium	13	0.76	0.63, 0.91	89.5	0.000
Regions						0.88 (0.073)	0.76, 1.01
Western Africa	13	0.88	0.78, 0.99	76.9	0.000
Central/Eastern Africa	7	1.00	0.85, 1.17	82.5	0.000
Southern Africa	7	0.64	0.54, 0.75	75.5	0.000

* p < 0.05 ^#β- Beta coefficient.