Table 2.
Characteristics and Microbial Translocation Markers, by Cluster Group
| Characteristic | Cluster 1 (n = 109) | Cluster 2 (n = 33) | Cluster 3 (n = 107) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of all children | 44 | 13 | 43 | |
| ART status at baseline, no. (%) | <.0001 | |||
| Experienced | 16 (15) | 3 (9) | 3 (3) | |
| Naive | 6 (5) | 10 (30) | 104 (97) | |
| HIV uninfected | 87 (80) | 20 (61) | 0 (0) | |
| Viral load among HIV-infected children | ||||
| Baseline | 100 (100–245) | 606275 (106390–1998000) | 336520 (141390–949650) | <.0001 |
| Wk 96 | 100 (100–100) | 171 (110–61190) | 100 (100–110) | <.0001 |
| Virological suppressiona at wk 96 | <.0001 | |||
| Yes | 20 (19) | 3 (3) | 80 (78) | |
| No | 2b (7) | 9 (31) | 18 (62) | |
| HIV uninfected | 87 (81) | 20 (19) | 0 (0) | |
| Viral load data missing | 0 (0) | 1 (10) | 9 (90) | |
| Bacterial data | ||||
| Baseline | 109 | 33 | 107 | |
| I-FABP level, pg/mL | 118 (59 -222) | 100 (57–165) | 86 (40–138) | .008 |
| 16S rDNA positivity | 99 (92) | 28 (85) | 84 (79) | .32 |
| Bifidobacterium positivity | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (6) | .02 |
| Staphylococcus aureus positivity | 9 (8) | 4 (12) | 10 (9) | .68 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes positivity | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | .13 |
| Fusobacterium positivity | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .99 |
| Enterobacteriaceae positivity | 48 (44) | 7 (21) | 21 (20) | <.0001 |
| Staphylococcus positivity | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | .51 |
| Lactobacillus positivity | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .99 |
| Wk 72 | 109 | 33 | 106 | |
| I-FABP level, pg/mL | 150 (80–234) | 159 (99–194) | 146 (82–195) | .83 |
| 16S rDNA positivity | 101 (93) | 30 (91) | 103 (96) | .18 |
| Bifidobacterium positivity | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus positivity | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (5) | .26 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes positivity | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | .13 |
| Fusobacterium positivity | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | 1 (1) | .51 |
| Enterobacteriaceae positivity | 48 (44) | 3 (9) | 31 (29) | .001 |
| Staphylococcus positivity | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Lactobacillus positivity | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | .55 |
Data are no. (%) of children or median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 or Fisher exact test, and continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; rDNA, ribosomal DNA.
aDefined as <100 copies/mL.
bViral loads were 935 and 2140 copies/mL.