Table 3.
Association between dietary phosphorus intake and odds of abnormal BP phenotypes
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for demographicsa | Fully adjustedb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Nondipping nocturnal BP (N = 973; 648 cases) | |||
| Per +500 mg/day phosphorus | 1.11 (0.97−1.28) | 1.15 (1.00−1.33) | 1.05 (0.79−1.39) |
| Per +5.0 mg/g phosphorus-to-protein ratio | 0.96 (0.78−1.20) | 0.91 (0.73−1.14) | 0.92 (0.72−1.19) |
| Per +0.2 mg/kcal phosphorus density | 1.15 (0.95−1.40) | 1.16 (0.95−1.41) | 1.02 (0.82−1.27) |
| Per +500 mg/day energy-adjusted phosphorus | 1.17 (0.92−1.50) | 1.19 (0.93−1.53) | 1.05 (0.80−1.37) |
| Clinic hypertension (N = 969; 250 cases) | |||
| Per +500 mg/day phosphorus | 0.85 (0.73−0.98) | 0.85 (0.72−0.99) | 0.78 (0.56−1.07) |
| Per +5.0 mg/g phosphorus-to-protein ratio | 0.95 (0.75−1.20) | 0.89 (0.69−1.12) | 0.79 (0.60−1.04) |
| Per +0.2 mg/kcal phosphorus density | 0.95 (0.78−1.16) | 0.92 (0.75−1.13) | 0.92 (0.72−1.15) |
| Per +500 mg/day energy-adjusted phosphorus | 0.85 (0.65−1.11) | 0.81 (0.61−1.06) | 0.77 (0.56−1.04) |
| 24-hour hypertension (N = 973; 407 cases) | |||
| Per +500 mg/day phosphorus | 0.98 (0.86−1.11) | 0.99 (0.87−1.13) | 0.85 (0.65−1.10) |
| Per +5.0 mg/g phosphorus-to-protein ratio | 0.98 (0.80−1.21) | 0.97 (0.79−1.20) | 0.96 (0.75−1.21) |
| Per +0.2 mg/kcal phosphorus density | 0.96 (0.80−1.14) | 0.95 (0.79−1.14) | 0.91 (0.75−1.12) |
| Per +500 mg/day energy-adjusted phosphorus | 0.91 (0.72−1.14) | 0.90 (0.71−1.13) | 0.85 (0.66−1.09) |
| Sustained hypertension (N = 969; 98 cases) | |||
| Per +500 mg/day phosphorus | 0.76 (0.59−0.95) | 0.77 (0.60−0.98) | 0.56 (0.33−0.91) |
| Per +5.0 mg/g phosphorus-to-protein ratio | 0.81 (0.57−1.15) | 0.73 (0.51−1.04) | 0.64 (0.43−0.95) |
| Per +0.2 mg/kcal phosphorus density | 0.81 (0.59−1.10) | 0.77 (0.56−1.05) | 0.73 (0.51−1.04) |
| Per +500 mg/day energy-adjusted phosphorus | 0.67 (0.44−1.00) | 0.61 (0.39−0.93) | 0.59 (0.37−0.93) |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aModels were adjusted for age, sex, and income level.
bModels were adjusted for age, sex, income level, diabetes, smoking status, current alcohol use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, number of antihypertensive medication classes, total energy intake, and dietary sodium. In models incorporating energy into the exposure (phosphorus density and energy-adjusted phosphorus intake), total energy was not added as a covariate. In models using phosphorus density as the exposure, we adjusted for sodium density (dietary sodium to total energy).