Table 3. Risk of total (fatal and non-fatal) coronary heart disease and stroke incidence by quintiles of chocolate intake in EPIC-Norfolk (1993-2008).
| Range (g/d) | Total | Quintile 1 0 |
Quintile 2 0.6-3.5 |
Quintile 3 4.1-7.0 |
Quintile 4 7.2-15.5 |
Quintile 5 15.6-98.8 |
P linearity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHD/n (%) | 2434/20,951 (11.6) | 577/4195 (13.8) | 564/4437 (12.7) | 437/4035 (10.8) | 449/4106 (10.9) | 407/4178 (9.7) | |
| model 1 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.86-1.09) | 0.97 (0.86-1.10) | 0.87 (0.77-0.99) | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) | 0.003 | |
| model 2 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 1.01 (0.89-1.15) | 0.91 (0.80-1.03) | 0.88 (0.77-1.01) | 0.024 | |
| model 3 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.91-1.15) | 1.03 (0.91-1.17) | 0.92 (0.81-1.05) | 0.91 (0.80-1.04) | 0.06 | |
| 1754/16,162 (10.9) | 435/3251 (13.4) | 407/3406 (11.9) | 307/3102 (9.9) | 325/3220 (10.1) | 280/3183 (8.8) | ||
| model 4a | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.87- 1.15) | 0.98 (0.85- 1.14) | 0.88 (0.76- 1.01) | 0.83 (0.71- 0.97) | 0.006 | |
| model 4b | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.87- 1.14) | 0.98 (0.84- 1.13) | 0.87 (0.75- 1.01) | 0.82 (0.70- 0.97) | 0.005 | |
| Stroke/n (%) | 848/20,951 (4.0) | 226/4195 (5.4) | 187/4437 (4.2) | 139/4035 (3.4) | 165/4106 (4.0) | 131/4178 (3.1) | |
| model 1 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.68-1.00) | 0.84 (0.68-1.04) | 0.85 (0.70-1.04) | 0.77 (0.62-0.96) | 0.036 | |
| model 2 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.70-1.03) | 0.87 (0.70-1.07) | 0.86 (0.70-1.06) | 0.77 (0.62-0.97) | 0.046 | |
| model 3 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.71-1.05) | 0.87 (0.71-1.08) | 0.88 (0.71-1.07) | 0.78 (0.63-0.98) | 0.06 | |
| 648/16,162 (4.0) | 168/3251 (5.2) | 149/3406 (4.4) | 100/3102 (3.2) | 132/3220 (4.1) | 99/3183 (3.1) | ||
| model 4a | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76-1.18) | 0.87 (0.67-1.12) | 0.94 (0.74-1.18) | 0.81 (0.62-1.05) | 0.14 | |
| model 4b | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.76-1.18) | 0.87 (0.67-1.11) | 0.94 (0.74-1.18) | 0.80 (0.62-1.05) | 0.14 |
Model 1 adjusted for sex and age.
Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, smoking, physical activity, energy intake and alcohol consumption.
Model 3: as model 2 and diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol.
Model 4a: as model 3, but restricted to number of participants for whom CRP is available (N=16,162).
Model 4b: as model 3 and C-reactive protein (N=16,162).