Table 1 –
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
| Before Propensity Weighting | After Propensity Weighting | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active Surveillance | External Beam RT | Brachytherapy | Radical Prostatectomy | Active Surveillance* | External Beam RT | Brachytherapy | Radical Prostatectomy | |||||||||
| N=314 | N=249 | N=109 | N=469 | |||||||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | % | % | % | % | |||||
| Age at diagnosis, yr | ||||||||||||||||
| Median (std) | 67 (7.3) | 67 (7.1) | 66 (7.3) | 62 (6.8) | 67 (7.3) | 67 (7.3) | 67 (7.6) | 66 (7.3) | ||||||||
| Race | ||||||||||||||||
| White | 242 | 77 | 154 | 62 | 82 | 75 | 347 | 74 | 77 | 79 | 77 | 80 | ||||
| African American | 69 | 22 | 84 | 34 | 26 | 24 | 111 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 20 | 19 | ||||
| Other | 3 | 1 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | ||||
| Health insurance | ||||||||||||||||
| Medicare | 156 | 50 | 134 | 54 | 58 | 53 | 139 | 30 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | ||||
| Private | 94 | 30 | 61 | 25 | 31 | 28 | 246 | 53 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 30 | ||||
| Medicaid/None | 64 | 20 | 54 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 84 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 19 | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| High school or less | 93 | 30 | 99 | 40 | 42 | 38 | 131 | 28 | 30 | 28 | 29 | 29 | ||||
| Some college | 86 | 27 | 71 | 29 | 35 | 32 | 138 | 29 | 27 | 29 | 27 | 27 | ||||
| College graduate | 135 | 43 | 79 | 32 | 32 | 29 | 200 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | ||||
| Household income | ||||||||||||||||
| <$40,000 | 117 | 37 | 128 | 51 | 51 | 47 | 139 | 30 | 37 | 35 | 36 | 34 | ||||
| $40,000-70,000 | 88 | 28 | 64 | 26 | 35 | 32 | 129 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 32 | 27 | ||||
| >$70,000-90,000 | 44 | 14 | 23 | 9 | 13 | 12 | 69 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 15 | ||||
| >$90,000 | 65 | 21 | 34 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 132 | 28 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 23 | ||||
| Married | 257 | 82 | 184 | 74 | 93 | 85 | 372 | 79 | 82 | 82 | 79 | 78 | ||||
| Baseline QOL Scores | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | Mean (std) | ||||||||
| SF-12 Physical | 48.7 (10.6) | 48.1 (11.0) | 49.9 (9.6) | 51.2 (9.8) | 48.7 (10.6) | 48.8 (11.2) | 48.9 (9.7) | 49.7 (9.9) | ||||||||
| SF-12 Mental | 55.2 (7.7) | 53.1 (9.7) | 54.7 (8.2) | 52.2 (9.5) | 55.2 (7.7) | 55.4 (7.9) | 55.5 (7.9) | 55.5 (7.9) | ||||||||
| PCSI Sexual Dysfunction | 43.4 (37.6) | 51.1 (39.5) | 46.5 (38.7) | 35.6 (36.6) | 43.4 (37.6) | 41.8 (39.5) | 46.4 (40.1) | 41.6 (38.0) | ||||||||
| PCSI Urinary Obs and Irr | 22.8 (13.5) | 23.6 (15.5) | 17.7 (10.2) | 22.9 (14.2) | 22.8 (13.5) | 22.3 (14.8) | 20.8 (10.5) | 22.6 (13.6) | ||||||||
| PCSI Ur Incontinence | 10.4 (20.4) | 13.0 (22.1) | 6.2 (14.8) | 7.9 (16.7) | 10.4 (20.4) | 9.9 (19.7) | 10.5 (20.8) | 9.7 (18.4) | ||||||||
| PCSI Bowel Problems | 5.9 (8.0) | 7.2 (10.7) | 5.0 (7.6) | 5.8 (8.4) | 5.9 (8.0) | 5.7 (8.5) | 6.1 (7.5) | 6.2 (8.0) | ||||||||
| Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | Median(IQR) | |||||||||
| SF-12 Physical | 52.5 (44.6-56.1) | 51.8 (41.6-56.1) | 52.6 (46.6-56.4) | 54.8 (47.8-57.5) | 52.5 (44.6-56.1) | 52.6 (43.4-56.4) | 51.2 (43.6-56.4) | 53.1 (44.1-56.7) | ||||||||
| SF-12 Mental | 57.2 (51.2-60.1) | 55.3 (49.0-60.0) | 57.2 (51.8-59.6) | 54.4 (47.8-58.3) | 57.2 (51.2-60.1) | 57.2 (51.7-61.3) | 57.2 (53.2-59.6) | 57.2 (52.6-60.1) | ||||||||
| PCSI Sexual Dysfunction | 33.3 (5.6-83.3) | 44.4 (11.1-94.4) | 38.9 (11.1-88.9) | 22.2 (5.6-77.8) | 33.3 (5.6-83.3) | 27.8 (5.6-88.9) | 33.3 (11.1-88.9) | 27.8 (5.6-83.3) | ||||||||
| PCSI Urinary Obs and Irr | 22.2 (11.1-33.3) | 22.2 (11.1-33.3) | 16.7 (11.1-27.8) | 22.2 (11.1-33.3) | 22.2 (11.1-33.3) | 22.2 (11.1-27.8) | 16.7 (11.1-27.8) | 22.2 (11.1-27.8) | ||||||||
| PCSI Ur incontinence | 0 (0-10.0) | 0 (0-30.0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-10.0) | 0 (0-0.0) | 0 (0-0.0) | 0 (0-10.0) | ||||||||
| PCSI Bowel Problems | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-8.3) | 4.2 (0-12.5) | ||||||||
| Patients with normal baseline QOL function | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | % | % | % | % | ||||||||
| PCSI Sexual Dysfunction | 90 (29.0) | 54 (21.8) | 26 (24.5) | 167 (35.9) | 29.0 | 31.3 | 27.1 | 28.1 | ||||||||
| PCSI Urinary Obs and Irr | 68 (22.3) | 58 (23.5) | 36 (34.3) | 125 (27.1) | 22.3 | 25.9 | 30.7 | 24.1 | ||||||||
| PCSI Ur Incontinence | 226 (73.9) | 169 (69.3) | 86 (81.9) | 360 (78.1) | 73.9 | 76.4 | 75.6 | 74.8 | ||||||||
| PCSI Bowel Problems | 134 (43.2) | 99 (40.1) | 52 (49.1) | 205 (44.3) | 43.2 | 44.3 | 36.6 | 42.4 | ||||||||
| The variables below were not included in propensity score calculation | ||||||||||||||||
| Prostate specific antigen (ng/mL) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0-9.9 | 273 (89.2) | 184 (74.8) | 97 (90.7) | 407 (87.2) | 89.2 | 80.1 | 91.8 | 87.3 | ||||||||
| 10-20 | 19 (6.2) | 35 (14.2) | 8 (7.5) | 40 (8.6) | 6.2 | 11.9 | 6.5 | 7.2 | ||||||||
| >20 | 14 (4.6) | 27 (11.0) | 2 (1.9) | 20 (4.3) | 4.6 | 8.0 | 1.7 | 5.5 | ||||||||
| Biopsy Gleason score | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 6 | 268 (86.2) | 88 (35.8) | 84 (79.2) | 213 (45.6) | 86.2 | 39.2 | 72.7 | 46.8 | ||||||||
| 7 | 41 (13.2) | 121 (49.2) | 21 (19.8) | 207 (44.3) | 13.2 | 46.5 | 23.1 | 41.6 | ||||||||
| 8-10 | 2 (0.6) | 37 (15.0) | 1 (0.9) | 47 (10.1) | 0.6 | 14.4 | 4.2 | 11.6 | ||||||||
| Clinical stage | ||||||||||||||||
| T1 | 276 (88.7) | 179 (72.8) | 94 (87.9) | 348 (74.4) | 88.8 | 73.2 | 79.2 | 71.8 | ||||||||
| T2 | 35 (11.3) | 61 (24.8) | 13 (12.1) | 114 (24.4) | 11.3 | 24.9 | 20.8 | 26.8 | ||||||||
| T3/T4 | 0 (0) | 6 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.3) | 0 | 1.9 | 0 | 1.5 | ||||||||
Abbreviations: RT, radiotherapy; QOL, quality of life; obs and irr, obstruction and irritation; std, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; PCSI, Prostate Cancer Symptom Indices.
*
Propensity weight for active surveillance was set as 1.
SF-12 Mental and Physical Function: scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating better quality of life.
PCSI domains:6 scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating more symptoms and dysfunction. Minimally clinically important difference is not defined for this instrument.