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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Transl Cancer Res. 2016 Sep;5(Suppl 3):S507–S513. doi: 10.21037/tcr.2016.09.13

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Model of butyrate-mediated effects on colonocytes. Indigestible dietary fibers (DF) are being fermented by commensal microbial community residing in the large intestine. Butyrate, a major product of DF fermentation, is actively metabolized by colonic crypts through Acads-dependent oxidation and used as energy source. In addition, butyrate exhibit several biological effects such as HDAC inhibition, suppression of colonic epithelial stem/progenitor proliferation, regulation of immune response, and stimulation of colonocyte proliferation via PLD1 activation and generation of bioactive lipids. SCFA, short chain fatty acids; HDAC, histone deacetylase; Acads, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; Foxo3, Forkhead box O3; PLD1, phospholipase D1; PA, phospahtidic acid; DAG, diacylglycerol.