Table 2. Auxiliary models.
Generalized least-squares panel regression models of the influence on CO2 per capita in LDCs. All variables are in natural logarithmic form. All models include year dummy variables (not shown) to control for period effects. The standard errors are robust, accounting for clustering by nation.
| Independent variables | Model 3 Asymmetric GDP p.c. Coef. (S.E.) |
Model 4 Quadratic urban. Coef. (S.E.) |
Model 5 No Former Soviets Coef. (S.E.) |
Model 6 Only 1960–1985 Coef. (S.E.) |
Model 7 Only 1985–2010 Coef. (S.E.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urbanization (% of population) increase |
.662* (.312) |
1.032† (.550) |
.661* (.307) |
.453 (.331) |
.776† (.420) |
| Urbanization (% of population) decrease |
5.261** (1.765) |
3.449 (3.296) |
4.250* (2.019) |
7.331* (3.885) |
5.352* (2.143) |
| Quadratic of urbanization (%) increase |
-4.075 (3.410) |
||||
| Quadratic of urbanization (%) decrease |
-131.527 (186.064) |
||||
| GDP per capita |
.461*** (.107) |
.409*** (.115) |
.574* (.166) |
.420** (.128) |
|
| GDP per capita increase |
.449** (.168) |
||||
| GDP per capita decrease |
.485** (.151) |
||||
| Manufacturing (% of GDP) |
.011 (.042) |
.010 (.042) |
-.010 (.046) |
.173* (.086) |
-.030 (.047) |
| % of population age 15–64 |
-.517 (.724) |
-.455 (.729) |
-.804 (.772) |
-1.023 (1.127) |
-.314 (.896) |
| Exports as a percentage of GDP |
.007 (.026) |
.007 (.026) |
.003 (.027) |
-.054 (.043) |
.034 (.031) |
| R2 (within) | .060 | .060 | .053 | .103 | .043 |
| N total/nations | 2009/102 | 2009/102 | 1905/91 | 650/57 | 1359/101 |
*** p<.001
** p<.01
* p<.05
† p<.10
(two-tailed tests)