Table 3.
Comparisons of Correlates by Acculturation Strategies
| Filipino Americans | Korean Americans | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable Names | Full Sample | Class 1 High Assimilation w/1 Ethnic Identity |
Class 2 Integrated Bicultural w/ Strongest Ethnic Identity |
Class 3 Modest Bicultural w/ Strong Ethnic Identity |
Significant Differences at p<0.05 | Full Sample | Class 1 Separation |
Class 2 Integrated Bicultural |
Class 3 Modest Bicultural w/ Strong Ethnic Identity |
Significant Differences at p<0.05 | Ethnic Group Diff p<0.05 |
| Proportion (%) Sample Size (n) |
100% n=379 |
45.4% n=172 |
44.3% n=168 |
10.3% n=39 |
100% n=410 |
7.6% n=31 |
74.4% n=305 |
18.0% n=74 |
|||
| Youth Demographics | |||||||||||
| Age | 15.28 | 15.19 | 15.36 | 15.41 | 14.76 | 15.42 | 14.79 | 14.41 | 1>3 | FA>KA3 | |
| % Boys | 44% | 49% | 33% | 66% | 1>2, 1<3, 2<3 | 52% | 71% | 50% | 55% | 1>2 | FA<KA |
| % US born | 71% | 88% | 61% | 41% | 1>2, 1>3, 2>3 | 58% | 20% | 67% | 40% | 1<2, 1<3, 2>3 | FA>KA |
| Years living in US2 | 13.29 | 14.57 | 12.69 | 10.09 | 1>2, 1>3, 2>3 | 11.78 | 5.93 | 13.03 | 9.22 | 1<2, 1<3, 2>3 | FA>KA |
| Parent Demographics | |||||||||||
| Age | 46.13 | 46.67 | 45.55 | 46.2 | 45.29 | 44.44 | 45.38 | 45.26 | FA>KA | ||
| Years living in US | 23.2 | 28.86 | 18.62 | 16.17 | 1>2, 1>3 | 16.03 | 7.41 | 17.90 | 11.84 | 1<2, 1<3, 2>3 | FA>KA |
| % US citizen | 80% | 90% | 74% | 51% | 1>3, 1>2, 2>3 | 49% | 27% | 57% | 27% | 1<2, 2>3 | FA>KA |
| % Permanent resident | 15% | 9% | 18% | 34% | 1<2, 1<3 | 34% | 27% | 32% | 45% | FA<KA | |
| Family Process | |||||||||||
| Core cultural values | |||||||||||
| Respect for adults | 4.09 | 3.96 | 4.23 | 4.13 | 1<2 | 3.85 | 3.52 | 3.88 | 3.86 | 1<2, 1<3 | FA>KA |
| Harmony & sacrifice | 3.81 | 3.70 | 3.95 | 3.74 | 1<2 | 3.81 | 3.54 | 3.84 | 3.76 | 1<2 | |
| Family obligation | 3.65 | 3.53 | 3.75 | 3.79 | 1<2, 1<3 | 3.62 | 3.24 | 3.64 | 3.69 | 1<2, 1<3 | |
| Boundary of the family | 6.32 | 6.18 | 6.64 | 5.58 | 1<2, 2>3 | 4.6 | 4.80 | 4.52 | 4.80 | FA>KA | |
| Indigenous family process | |||||||||||
| Traditional etiquettes | 3.77 | 3.13 | 4.34 | 4.23 | 1<2, 1<3 | 4.31 | 4.23 | 4.33 | 4.29 | FA<KA | |
| Gendered expectation | 2.85 | 2.53 | 3.11 | 3.16 | 1<2, 1<3 | 2.66 | 2.58 | 2.65 | 2.72 | FA>KA | |
| Academic parental control | 3.02 | 2.92 | 3.09 | 3.13 | 2.91 | 2.61 | 2.96 | 2.83 | 1<2 | FA>KA | |
| Qin | 4.13 | 4.05 | 4.24 | 4.00 | 1<2, 2>3 | 3.88 | 3.48 | 3.96 | 3.76 | 1<2, 2>3 | FA>KA |
| Parental affection | 4.24 | 4.19 | 4.34 | 4.06 | 2>3 | 3.94 | 3.47 | 4.01 | 3.86 | 1<2, 1<3 | FA>KA |
| Conventional family process | |||||||||||
| Authoritarian style | 3.36 | 3.19 | 3.50 | 3.47 | 1<2 | 2.95 | 2.59 | 2.99 | 2.93 | 1<2 | FA>KA |
| Authoritative style | 3.54 | 3.33 | 3.74 | 3.62 | 1<2 | 3.28 | 3.33 | 3.28 | 3.28 | FA>KA | |
| Parent-child bonding | 3.97 | 3.93 | 4.04 | 3.84 | 4 | 3.90 | 4.03 | 3.96 | |||
| Parent-child conflict | 2.44 | 2.48 | 2.44 | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.25 | 2.23 | 2.17 | FA>KA | ||
| Parental acceptance | 3.8 | 3.79 | 3.86 | 3.60 | 3.75 | 3.56 | 3.80 | 3.63 | |||
| Parental rejection | 1.61 | 1.58 | 1.61 | 1.70 | 1.58 | 1.77 | 1.55 | 1.63 | 1>2 | ||
| Parent-child communication | 2.97 | 2.95 | 2.99 | 2.96 | 2.94 | 2.82 | 2.95 | 2.94 | 1<2 | ||
| Granting autonomy | 3.55 | 3.55 | 3.57 | 3.47 | 3.67 | 3.52 | 3.72 | 3.52 | 2>3 | FA<KA | |
| Parental rules | 3.77 | 3.56 | 3.89 | 4.23 | 1<3 | 2.81 | 1.87 | 2.94 | 2.68 | 1<2, 1<3 | FA>KA |
| Parental restrictions | 4.81 | 4.75 | 4.84 | 4.97 | 4.39 | 3.59 | 4.48 | 4.36 | 1<2 | FA>KA | |
| Immigrant family process | |||||||||||
| Emphasis on education | 4.7 | 4.64 | 4.78 | 4.57 | 1<2, 2>3 | 4.55 | 4.09 | 4.62 | 4.49 | 1<2, 1<3 | FA>KA |
| Cultural conflict | 2.6 | 2.37 | 2.79 | 2.84 | 1<2, 1<3 | 2.37 | 2.47 | 2.35 | 2.43 | FA>KA | |
| Pressure to succeed | 2.72 | 2.58 | 2.79 | 3.05 | 1<2, 1<3 | 2.45 | 2.19 | 2.47 | 2.45 | 1<2 | FA>KA |
| Embarrassed by parents | 1.78 | 1.62 | 1.91 | 1.93 | 1<2, 1<3 | 2.11 | 1.77 | 2.15 | 2.11 | 1<2, 1<3 | FA<KA |
| Racial/ethnic socialization | |||||||||||
| Cultural socialization | 3.64 | 3.11 | 4.12 | 4.02 | 1<2, 1<3 | 3.73 | 3.44 | 3.74 | 3.80 | 1<3 | |
| Promotion of mistrust | 1.51 | 1.37 | 1.63 | 1.64 | 1<2 | 1.5 | 1.56 | 1.49 | 1.51 | ||
| Preparation for bias | 2.14 | 1.97 | 2.33 | 2.08 | 1<2 | 2.13 | 2.07 | 2.18 | 1.98 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity Related | |||||||||||
| Racial discrimination | 1.36 | 1.28 | 1.43 | 1.37 | 1<2 | 1.5 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.53 | FA<KA | |
| Perception of white family | 3.18 | 2.92 | 3.42 | 3.30 | 1<2, 1<3 | 3.15 | 3.14 | 3.16 | 3.15 | ||
| Youth Outcomes | |||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 1.81 | 1.69 | 1.90 | 1.98 | 1<2 | 1.81 | 2.02 | 1.79 | 1.83 | ||
| School grade | 3.48 | 3.49 | 3.54 | 3.18 | 1>3, 2>3 | 3.54 | 3.42 | 3.57 | 3.48 | ||
| Antisocial behaviors | 44% | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 36% | 0.53 | 0.34 | 0.38 | FA>KA | ||
| Substance use | 25% | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 20% | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 1>2 | ||
Note:
1
“W/” is an abbreviation of “with.”
2
The number of years living in the U.S. equals to one’s age among U.S.-born youth.
3
FA means Filipino Americans, KA means Korean Americans