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. 2018 Dec 7;8:17727. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36012-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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LT-LTβR signaling deficiency enhances the anti-HSV-1 Th1 response. (a) Expression of the Th1/Th2/Tfh-related transcriptional factors and cytokines in purified CD4⁺ T cells on day 4 p.i. in the popliteal LNs tested by real-time qPCR (n = 3/group). (b) Percentages of CD4⁺Tbet⁺ cells in total cells in the draining LNs (popliteal LN and inguinal LN) from WT mice (solid line) and LTβR-Ig-treated mice (dotted line) (n = 5/group). (c) The Th1 response of LTβR-Ig-treated mice on 6 d.p.i. (n = 5/group), 10 d.p.i. (n = 4/group) and 14 d.p.i. (n = 5/group), including immunospots and absolute numbers of IFNγ-secreting CD4⁺ cells per LN. (d) The Th1 response of Light^−/− mice on day 14 p.i. (n = 4/group), including immunospots and absolute numbers of IFNγ-secreting CD4⁺ cells per LN. (e) The Th1 response of Lta^−/− → WT and Ltb^−/− → WT bone marrow chimeric mice on day 14 p.i. (n = 4/group), including immunospots and absolute numbers of IFNγ-secreting CD4⁺ cells per LN. Data are representative of three independent experiments, shown as mean ± SEM. n.s., not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (Two-way ANOVA multiple comparisons for b).