Table 2.
A summary of function and application of bone-derived exosomes
| Features | Target cells | Effect | Bioactive factors involved | Potential application | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes | Bone mesenchymal stem cells | Promoting the differentiation of MSC via downregulation of the miR-29b and Notch gene expression | Fas proteins | Improvement of osteopenia | 166 |
| Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Enhancing the osteoinductivity of β-TCP through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway of hBMSCs | Tricalcium phosphate | Repair of bone defects | 167 | |
| Osteoblasts | Promoting osteogenesis via direct transfer of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins | miR-196a, miR-27a and miR-206 | Bone regeneration | 115 | |
| Osteoblast-derived exosomes | Bone mesenchymal stem cells | Promoting osteogenic differentiation via up-regulation of β-catenin | miR-667-3p, miR-6769b-5p, miR-7044-5p, miR-7668-3p and miR-874-3p | Bone tissue engineering | 113 |
| Osteoclast precursors | Promoting osteoclastogenesis via binding Rank on the osteoclast precursor surface | RANKL | Bone remodelling | 120 | |
| Osteoclasts | Inducing the apoptosis of osteoclast | RANKL | Detection of osteoclast-poor osteopetrosis | 125 | |
| Osteoclast-derived exosomes | Osteoclasts | Inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via the prevention of RANK-signalling pathway | RANK | Treatment of bone diseases and injury | 121 |
| Osteoblasts | Inhibiting osteoblast by targeting activity3’-untranslated region (UTR) of ATF4 mRNA to | miR-214-3p | Improvement of osteopenia | 36 | |
| Osteoclast precursors (Monocyte)-derived exosomes | Mesenchymal stem cells | Inducing differentiation of MSC cells into osteoblast | Not mentioned | Bone regeneration | 34 |
| Osteocyte-derived exosomes | Osteoblasts | Regulation of osteoblastic differentiation via targeting wnt / β-catenin-signalling pathway | miR-218 | Improvement of skeletal muscle loss-related osteoporosis | 126 |
| Osteoblasts | Activation of osteogenesis | Sclerostin, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin | Repairation of tibial stress injury | 168 | |
| Bone marrow adipocytes-derived exosomes | Osteoblasts | Inhibition of osteogenesis via the transfer of anti-osteoblastic genes | miR-138, miR30c, miR125a, miR-125b, miR-31 | Improvement of osteoporosis | 169 |
| Bone marrow stromal cells-derived exosomes | Bone mesenchymal stem cells | Inducing stem cell differentiation | Type I collagen and fibronectin | New biomimetic tool for regenerative medicine | 146 |
Individual cell specific derived exosomes have distinct roles in bone homeostasis