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. 2018 Dec 7;8:17717. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36139-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) IHC scores of 15-PDGH (blue) and COX-2 (orange) expression in tumors from 30 cases of retrospectively collected ESD specimens. The paired t-test revealed a significant difference. (b) representative photomicrographs of 15-PGDH, COX-2, and PGE2 IHC in atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia (original magnification, x100). 15-PGDH (top row) lost its expression at dysplasia (arrows), but was visible until intestinal metaplasia. COX-2 (middle row) was weakly positive in intestinal metaplasia and strongly positive in dysplasia. PGE2 (bottom row) exhibited its highest expression in the dysplastic focus. (c) representative 15-PGDH WB from prospectively collected patient samples. Expression was markedly decreased or absent in tumor (T) samples relative to normal samples (N). (d,e) relative expression of 15-PGDH (HPGD, d) and COX-2 (PTGS2, e) mRNA in tumor samples relative to normal samples from patients. 15-PGDH (HPGD, d) exhibited significantly lower levels in the tumor samples. Some of the samples showed high COX-2 (PTGS2, e) levels, but it was not statistically significant. (f), the PGE2 concentration level was higher in the tumor samples. Error bars denote 5 to 95 percentile.