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. 2018 Dec 7;8:17701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36023-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conditioned fear can be transmitted to conspecifics in the absence of an external aversive stimulus. (A) Schematics of the odor conditioning and testing paradigm. (B) Percentage freezing time during the testing to the conditioned odor terpinene. (C) Percentage freezing time during the testing to the novel control odor octanol. O⁻/S⁺, shock only rats; O⁺/S⁻, odor only rats that were caged alone; O⁺/S⁺, odor/shock conditioned rats; O⁺/Comp, odor only rats that were caged with odor/shock conditioned rats; O⁺/Comp + Prop: O⁺/S⁻ comp rats that were injected propranolol before training; O⁻/Comp: companion rats without subsequent odor exposure. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Error bars, mean ± SEM.