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. 2018 Nov 23;3(4):e17. doi: 10.2196/diabetes.9531

Table 4.

Frequencies of perceived positive and negative effects according to the Donabedian model for quality of care.

Outcome Positive Negative
Processes 21 0

Effects on psychological domains


More aware or conscious of disease (self-)management 12 0


Regularity: more frequent measurements 1 0


More precise adjustments 1 0


More frequent blood glucose checks 4 0


Reduced number of corrections needed 1 0

Patient education: better insulin advice, better than blood glucose meter 2 0
Outcomes 18 3

Medication: reduced insulin use 1 0

Health status


Weight loss 1 0


More stable values (blood glucose, carbohydrates) 5 0


Lower blood glucose levels, reduced number of high peaks 5 0


Improved hemoglobin A1c 1 0

Satisfaction: feeling more confident 3 0

Knowledge: better knowledge about own glucose levels (graphs) 2 0

Effects on psychological domains: anxiety, due to bolus suggestion that does not correspond to own estimation 0 1

Health status: (risk of) more hypoglycemic events 0 2