Table 1.
Main Studies Reporting the Effect of Spontaneous Shunt Occlusion in Patients With Chronic/Recurrent Refractory HE.
| Studies | No. of pts. with refractory HE/treated with shunt occlusion | Procedure | Technical success rate (%) | HE improvement rate (%) | Adverse events after shunt occlusion | Causes of death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sakurabayashi, 19979 | 7/7 | CARTO BRTO |
100 | 57 | Fever, transient pleural effusion, ascites, and mild esophageal varices | – |
| Chikamori, 200051 | 5/5 | BRTO | 100 | 100 | Fever 1 Bleeding 1 |
Progression of HCC 1 |
| Zidi, 200752 | 7/7 | CARTO BRTO |
100 | 15 | – | End stage liver disease 3 |
| Mukund, 201229 | 7/7 | BRTO | 86 | 86 | Abnormal liver function test results, acute kidney injury with leukocytosis 2 | – |
| Laleman, 201328 | 37/37 | CARTO PARTO |
100 | 78 | Varices 19 (de novo 2) Ascites 15 (de novo 6) Bleeding 1 |
No deaths |
| Naeshiro, 201453 | 14/14 | BRTO | 100 | 93 | Varices 4 | Other causes not related to liver failure 5 |
| An, 201440 | 17/17 | CARTO PARTO |
100 | 59 | Ascites 3 Varices 8 Bleeding 0 |
Progression of HCC 2 Sepsis 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome 3 |
| Gwon, 201519 | 16/73 | PARTO | 100 | 100 | Ascites 5 Varices 4 Bleeding 0 |
Deterioration of liver function 4 Progression of HCC 1 |
| Philips, 201718 | 21/21 | CARTO PARTO BRTO |
95 | 75 | Ascites 8 (de novo 3) Varices 15 (de novo 1) Bleeding 1 |
Hemoperitoneum and multiple organ failure 1 |