Table 2.
Factors* associated with linkage to hypertension care within 2 years after home-based diagnosis of hypertension† in 2010, among individuals who were previously undiagnosed and participated in 2011 or 2012 (n=1199) (unweighted analysis)
| Linked to care/N (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Age and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ | |
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age group | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | |
| <30 | 10/193 (5.2 %) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 35–44 | 40/242 (16.5%) | 3.62 (1.76 to 7.45) | 3.08 (1.49 to 6.36) | 3.32 (1.60 to 6.89) |
| 45–59 | 126/360 (35.0%) | 9.85 (5.03 to 19.30) | 8.39 (4.26 to 16.51) | 9.01 (4.57 to 17.79) |
| 60+ | 167/404 (41.3%) | 12.89 (6.62 to 25.11) | 11.61 (5.94 to 22.69) | 11.49 (5.87 to 22.46) |
| Sex | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | |
| Male | 47/308 (15.3%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 296/891 (33.2%) | 2.76 (1.97 to 3.88) | 2.50 (1.75 to 3.57) | 2.41 (1.68 to 3.45) |
| Marital status | P<0.001 | P=0.15 | P=0.14 | |
| Single (never married) | 55/250 (22.0%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Married/informal union | 178/666 (26.7%) | 1.29 (0.92 to 1.83) | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.95) | 1.35 (0.92 to 1.98) |
| Widow/separated/divorced | 110/283 (38.9%) | 2.25 (1.54 to 3.31) | 0.98 (0.64 to 1.50) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.51) |
| Education | P<0.001 | P=0.83 | P=0.77 | |
| None | 132/363 (36.4%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Less than complete secondary | 160/581 (27.5%) | 0.67 (0.50 to 0.88) | 1.10 (0.81 to 1.49) | 1.09 (0.80 to 1.49) |
| Complete secondary/above | 51/255 (20.0%) | 0.44 (0.30 to 0.64) | 1.09 (0.71 to 1.67) | 1.15 (0.75 to 1.78) |
| Employed | P<0.001 | P=0.02 | P=0.02 | |
| Yes | 31/178 (17.4%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 312/1021 (30.6%) | 2.09 (1.39 to 3.14) | 1.71 (1.10 to 2.65) | 1.71 (1.10 to 2.65) |
| SES tertile | P=0.307 | P=0.31 | P=0.21 | |
| Low | 125/459 (27.2%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 99/364 (27.2%) | 1.00 (0.73 to 1.36) | 1.09 (0.79 to 1.52) | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.56) |
| High | 115/364 (31.6%) | 1.23 (0.91 to 1.67) | 1.28 (0.93 to 1.77) | 1.34 (0.97 to 1.85) |
| Location factors | ||||
| Residence | P=0.04 | P=0.35 | P=0.55 | |
| Urban | 10/36 (27.8%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Periurban | 95/398 (23.9%) | 0.82 (0.38 to 1.75) | 0.75 (0.33 to 1.69) | 0.67 (0.29 to 1.53) |
| Rural | 238/765 (31.1%) | 1.17 (0.56 to 2.47) | 0.92 (0.41 to 2.05) | 0.63 (0.27 to 1.45) |
| Nearest clinic§ | P<0.001 | P=0.001 | P=0.001 | |
| Per each km of distance | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.23)¶ | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21)¶ | 1.12 (1.05 to 1.20)¶ | |
| 0-<1.5 | 56/263 (21.3%) | |||
| 1.5–2.5 | 71/269 (26.4%) | |||
| >2.5–3.9 | 93/310 (30.0%) | |||
| >3.9 | 123/357 (34.5%) | |||
| Clinical factors | ||||
| BMI category | P<0.001 | P=0.07 | P=0.13 | |
| <25 kg/m2 | 70/344 (20.3%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25 ‒<30 kg/m2 | 62/229 (27.1%) | 1.45 (0.98 to 2.15) | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.64) | 1.17 (0.76 to 1.81) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 110/301 (36.5%) | 2.25 (1.59 to 3.21) | 1.52 (1.03 to 2.24) | 1.51 (1.00 to 2.26) |
| Hypertension stage** | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | P<0.001 | |
| Stage I | 142/730 (19.5%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Stage II | 134/342 (39.2%) | 2.67 (2.01 to 3.54) | 2.22 (1.65 to 2.99) | 2.20 (1.63 to 2.97) |
| Hypertension urgency | 67/127 (52.8%) | 4.62 (3.12 to 6.85) | 3.12 (2.06 to 4.74) | 3.07 (2.01 to 4.67) |
| Self-report of diabetes†† | P=0.19 | P=0.44 | P=0.47 | |
| No | 339/1191 (28.5%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 4/8 (50.0%) | 2.51 (0.62 to 10.11) | 1.78 (0.41 to 7.70) | 1.75 (0.38 to 8.15) |
| Self-report of TB†† | P=0.66 | P=0.96 | P=0.72 | |
| No | 332/1156 (28.7%) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 11/43 (25.6%) | 0.85 (0.43 to 1.71) | 1.02 (0.49 to 2.13) | 1.15 (0.54 to 2.46) |
*All characteristics are based on 2010 survey.
†Hypertension defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, in an average of two readings.
‡Sociodemographic factors adjusted for age group, sex and employment. Location factors adjusted for age group, sex, employment and distance from nearest clinic as continuous covariate. Clinical factors adjusted for age group, sex, employment, distance from nearest clinic and hypertension stage.
§Quartiles based on distribution in all individuals who were eligible for 2010 survey. Fit as continuous covariate; n (%) linked in each distance quartile shown for information only.
¶OR for linear trend in linkage with each 1 km increase in distance.
**Stage I: systolic BP 140‒159 or diastolic BP 90‒99; stage II: systolic BP 160‒179 or diastolic BP 100‒119; hypertension urgency: systolic BP ≥180 or diastolic BP ≥120.
††Reports being diagnosed in the past 12 months or currently on treatment.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; TB, tuberculosis.