Table 2.
Chi-squared analysis of association of various risk factors with colorectal cancer status in a hospital-based matched case-control study, Kuwait
| Exposure | Cases (n = 103) No. (%) | Controls (n = 206) No. (%) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Cigarette | 0.324 | ||
| Yes | 29 (28.2) | 52 (25.2) | |
| No | 74 (71.8) | 154 (74.8) | |
| Drinking alcohol | 0.359 | ||
| Yes | 12 (11.7) | 18 (8.7) | |
| No | 91 (88.3) | 188 (91.3) | |
| Smoking Hookah | 0.503 | ||
| Yes | 13 (12.6) | 20 (9.7) | |
| No | 90 (87.4) | 186 (90.3) | |
| Family history with CRC | 0.210 | ||
| Yes | 18 (17.5) | 22 (10.7) | |
| No | 85 (82.5) | 184 (89.3) | |
| History with T2DM | 0.002 | ||
| Yes | 19 (18.4) | 82 (39.8) | |
| No | 84 (81.6) | 124 (60.2) | |
| History with hypercholesterolemia | 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 23 (22.3) | 89 (43.2) | |
| No | 80 (77.7) | 117 (56.8) | |
| Use of NSID | 0.401 | ||
| Yes | 35 (34.0) | 73 (35.4) | |
| No | 68 (66.0) | 133 (64.6) | |
| Post-menopausal hormone therapy (only females) | 0.999 | ||
| Yes | 8 (17.0) | 14 (14.9) | |
| No | 39 (83.0) | 80 (85.1) | |
| Constipation | 0.156** | ||
| Never | 37 (35.9) | 86 (41.7) | |
| Rarely | 16 (15.5) | 63 (30.6) | |
| Once in a month | 21 (20.4) | 32 (15.5) | |
| Every week | 29 (28.2) | 25 (12.1) | |
| Red meat intake | < 0.001** | ||
| < 1 day/week | 17 (16.5) | 92 (44.7) | |
| 1–3 days/week | 65 (63.1) | 100 (48.5) | |
| 4–6 days/week | 21 (20.4) | 14 (6.8) | |
| Milk (glass) | 0.831** | ||
| Rarely (never/< 1 glass) | 29 (28.2) | 57 (27.7) | |
| Often | 29 (28.2) | 62 (30.1) | |
| Everyday | 45 (43.7) | 87 (42.2) | |
| Fruits and vegetables intake (day(s)/week) | < 0.001** | ||
| Rarely (never/< 1 a day) | 16 (15.5) | 4 (1.9) | |
| Often | 43 (41.7) | 57 (27.7) | |
| Everyday | 44 (42.7) | 145 (70.4) | |
| Cheese intake (day(s)/week) | 0.074** | ||
| < 1 day/week | 18 (17.5) | 50 (24.3) | |
| 1–6 days/week | 35 (34.0) | 79 (38.3) | |
| Everyday | 50 (48.5) | 77 (37.4) | |
| Egg(s) intake (day(s)/week) | 0.073** | ||
| < 1 day/week | 14 (13.6) | 59 (28.6) | |
| 1–6 days/week | 75 (72.8) | 129 (62.6) | |
| Everyday | 14 (13.6) | 18 (8.7) | |
| Total physical activity per week (METs/week) a | 0.033 | ||
| ≤ median (520) | 63 (61.2) | 95 (46.1) | |
| > median (520) | 40 (38.8) | 111 (53.9) | |
| Sedentary time spent (METs/day) | 0.253 | ||
| ≤ 300 | 56 (54.4) | 125 (60.7) | |
| > 300 | 47 (45.6) | 81 (39.3) | |
| WHO recommendations on physical activity | 0.053 | ||
| Meet the recommendation | 36 (35.0) | 98 (47.6) | |
| Not meeting the recommendation | 67 (65.0) | 108 (52.4) |
*p-value for McNemar's Chi-squared test statistic
**The variable with more than two categories, p-value for McNemar-Bowker test statistic
aMETs: metabolic equivalents