Table 4.
Attitude and hazard ratio of death among men: the Leisure World Cohort Study, 1981–2016.
| All subjects (N=4992) | Excluding first five years of follow-up (N=3980) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. subjects† | No. deaths | Model 1a | Model 2b | No. subjects† | No. deaths | Model 1a | Model 2b | |||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||||
| My mind is as clear as it used to be | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 109 | 109 | 1.55 | 1.27, 1.88 | 1.41 | 1.16, 1.71 | 55 | 55 | 1.38 | 1.06, 1.80 | 1.34 | 1.02, 1.75 |
| Some of the time | 328 | 327 | 1.47 | 1.31, 1.65 | 1.31 | 1.17, 1.47 | 203 | 202 | 1.44 | 1.25, 1.66 | 1.30 | 1.13, 1.50 |
| A good part of the time | 1202 | 1194 | 1.10 | 1.03, 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.13 | 957 | 949 | 1.16 | 1.08, 1.25 | 1.13 | 1.05, 1.21 |
| Most or all of the time | 3327 | 3292 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2749 | 2713 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| I find it easy to do the things I used to do | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 425 | 425 | 2.02 | 1.81, 2.25 | 1.64 | 1.46, 1.83 | 205 | 205 | 1.76 | 1.52, 2.05 | 1.49 | 1.28, 1.73 |
| Some of the time | 1160 | 1157 | 1.32 | 1.22, 1.42 | 1.19 | 1.10, 1.28 | 848 | 845 | 1.32 | 1.21, 1.44 | 1.20 | 1.10, 1.32 |
| A good part of the time | 1931 | 1914 | 1.10 | 1.03, 1.18 | 1.05 | 0.98, 1.13 | 1645 | 1628 | 1.13 | 1.05, 1.22 | 1.09 | 1.01, 1.17 |
| Most or all of the time | 1429 | 1405 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1250 | 1225 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| I feel hopeful about the future | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 199 | 199 | 1.79 | 1.55, 2.07 | 1.51 | 1.31, 1.75 | 104 | 104 | 1.62 | 1.33, 1.98 | 1.46 | 1.20, 1.79 |
| Some of the time | 514 | 512 | 1.31 | 1.19, 1.44 | 1.17 | 1.06, 1.29 | 353 | 351 | 1.23 | 1.10, 1.38 | 1.11 | 0.99, 1.24 |
| A good part of the time | 1197 | 1188 | 1.04 | 0.98, 1.12 | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.06 | 953 | 944 | 1.04 | 0.96, 1.12 | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.07 |
| Most or all of the time | 2998 | 2966 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2520 | 2487 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| I find it easy to make decisions | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 155 | 155 | 1.90 | 1.62, 2.24 | 1.53 | 1.30, 1.80 | 71 | 71 | 1.83 | 1.44, 2.31 | 1.48 | 1.17, 1.89 |
| Some of the time | 495 | 494 | 1.17 | 1.07, 1.29 | 1.10 | 1.00, 1.21 | 354 | 353 | 1.14 | 1.02, 1.27 | 1.07 | 0.96, 1.20 |
| A good part of the time | 1500 | 1489 | 1.07 | 1.01, 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.96, 1.09 | 1207 | 1196 | 1.09 | 1.01, 1.17 | 1.04 | 0.97, 1.12 |
| Most or all of the time | 2803 | 2771 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2317 | 2284 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| I feel that I am useful and needed | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 182 | 181 | 1.83 | 1.57, 2.12 | 1.64 | 1.40, 1.90 | 88 | 87 | 1.53 | 1.23, 1.89 | 1.44 | 1.16, 1.78 |
| Some of the time | 535 | 531 | 1.29 | 1.17, 1.41 | 1.14 | 1.04, 1.25 | 374 | 370 | 1.20 | 1.07, 1.33 | 1.06 | 0.95, 1.18 |
| A good part of the time | 1145 | 1136 | 1.10 | 1.02, 1.17 | 1.08 | 1.01, 1.16 | 907 | 898 | 1.06 | 0.98, 1.14 | 1.05 | 0.97, 1.13 |
| Most or all of the time | 3070 | 3041 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2575 | 2546 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| My life is pretty full | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 224 | 223 | 1.89 | 1.64, 2.16 | 1.56 | 1.36, 1.80 | 111 | 110 | 1.59 | 1.31, 1.92 | 1.38 | 1.14, 1.68 |
| Some of the time | 465 | 462 | 1.37 | 1.24, 1.51 | 1.20 | 1.09, 1.33 | 306 | 303 | 1.25 | 1.11, 1.41 | 1.10 | 0.97, 1.24 |
| A good part of the time | 1290 | 1279 | 1.14 | 1.07, 1.22 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.14 | 1022 | 1011 | 1.14 | 1.06, 1.23 | 1.07 | 1.00, 1.15 |
| Most or all of the time | 2958 | 2929 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2509 | 2480 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| I still enjoy the things I used to | ||||||||||||
| None or little of the time | 225 | 225 | 2.23 | 1.95, 2.56 | 1.76 | 1.53, 2.03 | 86 | 86 | 1.86 | 1.50, 2.31 | 1.45 | 1.16, 1.81 |
| Some of the time | 672 | 668 | 1.36 | 1.25, 1.48 | 1.20 | 1.10, 1.31 | 455 | 451 | 1.31 | 1.18, 1.45 | 1.18 | 1.06, 1.31 |
| A good part of the time | 1363 | 1354 | 1.11 | 1.04, 1.19 | 1.05 | 0.99, 1.13 | 1116 | 1107 | 1.14 | 1.06, 1.22 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.16 |
| Most or all of the time | 2700 | 2669 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2305 | 2274 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Attitude score (persons with missing items excluded) | ||||||||||||
| <21 | 995 | 993 | 1.54 | 1.42, 1.67 | 1.30 | 1.19, 1.41 | 631 | 629 | 1.43 | 1.30, 1.58 | 1.24 | 1.12, 1.37 |
| 21–24 | 1286 | 1273 | 1.16 | 1.08, 1.25 | 1.09 | 1.01, 1.18 | 1056 | 1043 | 1.19 | 1.10, 1.29 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.23 |
| 25-26 | 1051 | 1041 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.22 | 1.06 | 0.98 1.15 | 893 | 883 | 1.17 | 1.08, 1.28 | 1.12 | 1.02, 1.22 |
| 27-28 | 1453 | 1435 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1270 | 1252 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Attitude score (missing items given score of 1) | ||||||||||||
| <21 | 1132 | 1130 | 1.55 | 1.43, 1.67 | 1.32 | 1.21, 1.43 | 706 | 704 | 1.43 | 1.31, 1.57 | 1.25 | 1.14, 1.38 |
| 21–24 | 1344 | 1330 | 1.15 | 1.07, 1.24 | 1.08 | 1.00, 1.16 | 1103 | 1089 | 1.18 | 1.09, 1.28 | 1.12 | 1.03, 1.22 |
| 25-26 | 1063 | 1053 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.23 | 1.06 | 0.98, 1.15 | 901 | 891 | 1.18 | 1.08, 1.28 | 1.12 | 1.03, 1.22 |
| 27-28 | 1453 | 1435 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1270 | 1252 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Attitude score (missing items given score of 4) | ||||||||||||
| <21 | 1048 | 1046 | 1.55 | 1.43, 1.67 | 1.31 | 1.21, 1.42 | 655 | 653 | 1.43 | 1.30, 1.57 | 1.24 | 1.13, 1.37 |
| 21–24 | 1345 | 1332 | 1.17 | 1.09, 1.26 | 1.10 | 1.02, 1.18 | 1092 | 1079 | 1.20 | 1.10, 1.30 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.23 |
| 25-26 | 1094 | 1084 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.22 | 1.06 | 0.98 1.14 | 924 | 914 | 1.17 | 1.08, 1.28 | 1.11 | 1.02, 1.21 |
| 27-28 | 1505 | 1486 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1309 | 1290 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. †Subjects do not always total 4992 or 3980 due to those with missing values. aModel 1: adjusted for age (i.e., age as time scale). bModel 2: adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index, exercise, alcohol intake, caffeine consumption, and histories of hypertension, angina, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer.