Table 5.
Prospective cohort studies of mental attitude and mortality in the elderly.
| First author, date [reference] | Study name Population |
Number | Age (years) | Follow-up (years) | Sex | Mental attitude instrument | HR, 95% CI†Age- and sex-adjusted Most adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gitlay, 2004 [30] | Arnhem Elderly Study The Netherlands |
999 | 65–85 | Mean = 9 | M,F | Scale of Subjective Well-Being for Older Persons | 0.55, 0.42–0.77 0.71, 0.52–0.97 |
| Pitkala, 2004 [32] | Helsinki Aging Study Finland |
491 | 75, 80, 85 | 10 | M,F | 6 questions on positive life orientation | 0.67, 0.53–0.87‡ 0.89, 0.83–0.93 |
| Tindle, 2009 [13] | Women's Health Initiative USA |
97,253 | 50–79 | 8 | F | Life Orientation Test-Revised | — 0.86, 0.79–0.93 |
| Koopmans, 2010 [14] | Arnhem Elderly Study The Netherlands |
861 | 65–85 | 15 | M,F | 2 “happiness” questions | 0.78, 0.64–0.95 0.92, 0.75–1.14 |
| Benito-Leon, 2010 [29] | Neurological Disorders in Central Spain | 2516 | 65+ | 7 | M,F | Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale | 1.60, 1.29–2.21‡ 1.35, 1.00–1.81 |
| Tilvis, 2012 [35] | National Sample Finland |
2490 | >75 | 5 | M,F | 6 questions on positive life orientation | 0.65, 0.53–0.81 0.85, 0.67–1.08 |
| Niklasson, 2015 [31] | GERDA Sweden and Finland |
646 | 85+ | 5 | M,F | Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale | 1.73, 1.33–2.26 1.36, 1.03–1.80 |
| St John, 2015 [33] | Manitoba Study of Health and Aging, Canada | 1751 | 65+ | 5 | M,F | Terrible-Delightful Scale | 0.75, 0.66–0.86 0.90, 0.78–1.04 |
| Steptoe, 2015 [34] | English Longitudinal Study of Aging | 9050 | Mean = 65 | Mean = 8 | M,F | Eudemonic well-being | 0.42, 0.36–0.49 0.70, 0.58–0.83 |
| Anthony, 2016 [28] | Rancho Bernardo Study USA |
876 | 50+ | < = 12 mean = 8 | M,F | Life Orientation Test-Revised | 0.98, 0.94–1.02 0.99, 0.94–1.03 |
| Gong, 2016 [10] | Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey | 18,676 | 80–122 | 16 | M,F | 7 items on psychological well-being | — 0.84, 0.79–0.88 |
| Liu, 2016 [12] | Million Women Study United Kingdom |
719,671 | 50–69 | 10 | F | “How often do you feel happy?” | 1.29, 1.25–1.33 0.98, 0.94–1.01 |
| Kim, 2017 [11] | Nurses' Health Study USA |
70,021 | Mean = 70 | 6 | F | Life Orientation Test-Revised | 0.71, 0.66–0.76∗ 0.91, 0.85–0.97 |
| Okely, 2018 [15] | Survey of Health Aging and Retirement in Europe | 13,596 | 50+ | ∼12 | M,F | CASP-12 | 0.41, 0.38–0.43 0.57, 0.53–0.61 |
†HR for high vs. low category of positive mental attitude, except for Benito-Leon, Niklasson, and Liu studies which compared low vs. high category. ‡Unadjusted HR. ∗Adjusted for additional demographic factors as well.