Table 1. Studies of ICG-fluorescence imaging in HCC.
| Nation/reference | NIR fluorescence system | Year | Indication | No of patients |
No of HCC patients | ICG dose | Route of administration | Interval to surgery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japan (4) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2008 | Mapping of liver segments and subsegments | 35 | 13 | 5 mg (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) | PV | 10 min before hepatectomy |
| Japan (18) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2009 | Tumor identification | 10 | 10 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen Inj., Daiichi Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | 1–8 days (mean day, 4.8 days) before hepatectomy |
| Japan (10) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2009 | Tumor identification | 49 | 37 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | HCC: 1–7 days (median, 3 days); colorectal cancer metastasis: 1 to 14 days (median, 3 days) |
| Japan (26) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2010 | Mapping of liver segments | 81 | 28 | Liver surgery: 5 mg (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) | Liver surgery: PV | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: 30 min preoperatively |
| Cholangiography | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: 5 mL | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: IV | ||||||
| Japan (27) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2011 | Detection of liver sections and segments | 22 | 22 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen Inj., Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) and contrast agent Sonazoid™ (0.0075 mL/kg) following a flush with 3 mL normal saline | IV | 2 min |
| China (28) | The goggle system was developed at Washington University in St. Louis, MO | 2013 | To identify multifocal lesions and small tumor deposits | 9 | 9 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight | Group 1: IV; | Within 5 days (mean 2.3 days) before surgery |
| After immobilizing the liver, threaded small catheters via the gastroduodenal artery: 0.2 mg/kg body weight | Group 2: TAH | |||||||
| Japan (29) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2013 | To identify HCC foci | 58 | 58 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen; Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) | IV | 3–28 days preoperatively |
| Japan (8) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2013 | Detection of extrahepatic HCC metastases | 18 | 18 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | 16 patients: 1–5 days; 1 patient: 24 days before surgery |
| Japan (30) | laparoscopic NIR ray camera system (IRI; Olympus, Tokyo) | 2014 | Identification of a portal vein territory | 2 | 2 | 5 mg (DaiichiA Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) | IV | 1 min before hepatectomy |
| Japan (20) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2014 | Identification of HCC tissues | 170 | 170 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | Within 14 days before surgery |
| Japan (9) | Laparoscopic fluorescent imaging system (Olympus Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) | 2014 | Identification of subcapsular liver cancers | 17 | 10 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen,Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | Within 14 days before surgery |
| Japan (31) | PDE-II (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2014 | Tumor identification | 33 | 21 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | 2 days before surgery |
| Japan (14) | HyperEye Medical System (Mizuho Ika-kogyo Co, Ltd, Japan) | 2015 | 3-dimensional identification of liver territories | 24 | 16 | IV method: 2.5 mg | IV method: 12 patients | On the day or 2 days before surgery |
| PV method: a mixture of 5 ml of indigo carmine, 2.5 mg of ICG, and 0.5 ml of Sonazoid | PV method: 12 patients | |||||||
| Japan (32) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2015 | To detect small lesions for hepatoblastoma pulmonary metastases | 10 | 10 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (Diagnogreen,Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) | IV | 1 day before surgery |
| Japan (33) | PDE-neo (Hamamatsu Photonics) | 2015 | Identification of hepatic segments | 30 | 30 | 0.25 mg ICG (Diagnogreen, Daiichi Sankyo) diluted in 5 ml of indigo-carmine solution (20 mg, Daiichi Sankyo) | PV | 15 min before hepatectomy |
| Japan (11) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2015 | Tumor identification | 40 | 40 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Japan (34) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2016 | Identification of latent small liver tumors | 48 | 31 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight | IV | Within 14 days before surgery |
| Japan (35) | PINPOINTTM imaging system (NOVADAQ, Toronto, Canada) | 2017 | Identification of hepatic tumors | 41 | 7 | Identification of hepatic tumors: 0.5 mg/kg body weight | IV | Identification of hepatic tumors: within 3 days before surgery |
| To identify the hepatic segments (in 12 patients) | Hepatic segment visualization: 1.25 mg | Intraoperative, following closure of the proximal portal pedicle |
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| The Netherlands (36) | laparoscopic high-definition fluorescence imaging system (Karl Storz GmbH & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) | 2017 | Tumor identification | 22 | 4 | 10 mg | IV | 1 day before surgery |
| Japan (37) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2017 | PV territory identification | 105 | 71 | Transhepatic PV injection: 0.25 mg (Diagnogreen, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) was diluted with 5 mg of indigocarmine (Daiichi Sankyo) | PV and IV | During surgery |
| IV: 2.5 mg | ||||||||
| China (12) | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan) | 2017 | Identify liver resection margins and detecting tiny superficial tumors | 50 | 38 | 0.25 mg/kg (Dandong Medical and Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd) | IV injection through the following routes: (I) portal vein puncture; (II) right vein of the stomach; (III) central venous catheter | During surgery |
| infused through a central venous catheter | ||||||||
| Italy (38) | Fluobeam (Fluoptics Imaging Inc, Cambridge, MA) | 2018 | Identify primary and metastatic liver tumors | 9 | 3 | 0.5 mg/kg body weight (PULSION Medical Systems SE, FeldKirchen, Germany) | IV | 1 day before surgery |
| France (39) | Fluobeam® (Fluoptics, Grenoble, France) | 2018 | Detect tumor lesions and a predefined anatomical area | 43 | 2 | IV: 0.25 mg/kg | IV and PV | 1 day before surgery |
| PV: 0.0078 and 0.0156 mg/mL |
ICG, indocyanine green; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IV, intravenous injection; PV, portal vein injection; TAH, transarterial hepatic injection